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Using museum specimens to track morphological shifts through climate change.

Heidi J MacLean1,2, Matthew E Nielsen1, Joel G Kingsolver1

  • 1Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Coker Hall 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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Museum specimens reveal climate change impacts on butterfly coloration. Melanism declined in two regions, potentially to avoid overheating, but increased in another, complicating climate response interpretations.

Keywords:
butterflycolorationevolutioninsectphenotypeplasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology and evolutionary biology
  • Climate change research
  • Museum studies

Background:

  • Museum specimens are valuable for tracking morphological changes due to climate change.
  • Interpreting these shifts requires differentiating plastic from genetic responses and accounting for phenology and distribution.
  • Previous studies on size changes are common, but research on other traits like coloration is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate shifts in the functional trait of coloration in the montane butterfly *Colias meadii* over 60 years.
  • To assess the utility of museum collections for detecting climate-driven morphological evolution.
  • To explore regional variations in butterfly responses to climate change.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of ventral wing melanism in *Colias meadii* specimens from three North American regions over 60 years.
  • Correlation of morphological shifts with temperature, phenology, and sampling biases.
  • Comparison of regional differences in morphological trends and their potential drivers.

Main Results:

  • A decline in ventral wing melanism was observed in two of the three studied regions.
  • Increased melanism was found in the most thoroughly sampled region, contrary to expected warming responses.
  • Complex interactions between temperature, phenology, and morphology were noted, varying across regions and years.

Conclusions:

  • Museum collections are promising for testing hypotheses about functional trait shifts in response to climate change.
  • Regional variations in environmental factors and sampling can lead to divergent evolutionary responses.
  • Distinguishing plastic vs. genetic changes remains a challenge in interpreting morphological shifts.