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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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[Thyroid medicine for ENT physicians].

H Graefe1, E Biermann2, M Mandapathil2

  • 1Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenheilkunde und plastische Operationen, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, Lohmühlenstraße 5, 20099, Hamburg, Deutschland. h.graefe@asklepios.com.

HNO
|November 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid diseases are common, often found incidentally during neck ultrasounds. This review covers key thyroid conditions, including nodules and autoimmune diseases like Graves

Keywords:
GoiterGraves’ diseaseIodineThyroid function testsThyroid gland

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Thyroid diseases are prevalent, affecting approximately one-third of the general population.
  • Many thyroid conditions are discovered incidentally during neck ultrasound examinations.
  • While not all thyroid diseases require immediate treatment, accurate laboratory diagnostics are crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of significant thyroid gland diseases.
  • To outline current treatment strategies for various thyroid pathologies.
  • To highlight primary indications for specialist consultation in thyroid disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of important thyroid diseases.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and laboratory measures.
  • Summary of established and emerging treatment options.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid nodules, goiters, and gland autonomy are frequent reasons for specialist referral.
  • Autoimmune thyroid diseases, including Graves' disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis, are key areas of focus.
  • Effective management strategies exist for a wide spectrum of thyroid conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Early and accurate diagnosis of thyroid diseases is essential for appropriate patient management.
  • Understanding the indications for thyroid specialist consultation improves patient outcomes.
  • This review synthesizes current knowledge on thyroid disease diagnosis and treatment.