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Noble Gases

Noble Gases

The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

The Evidence for Evolution

The Evidence for Evolution

Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.

Convergent Evolution

Convergent Evolution

Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Simple Methods for the Preparation of Non-noble Metal Bulk-electrodes for Electrocatalytic Applications

Simple Methods for the Preparation of Non-noble Metal Bulk-electrodes for Electrocatalytic Applications

Published on: June 21, 2017

Noble-Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution.

Fenglei Lyu^1,2,3, Qingfa Wang², Sung Mook Choi⁴

¹Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|November 21, 2018

Summary

Developing high-performance, earth-abundant electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for clean energy technologies. This review summarizes recent advances in noble-metal-free OER catalysts for efficient energy conversion.

Keywords:

electrocatalysts hydroxides noble-metal-free oxides oxygen evolution reaction

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Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Energy Conversion

Background:

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical for hydrogen production via water splitting and CO2 reduction.
Current state-of-the-art OER electrocatalysts like IrO2 and RuO2 are limited by high cost and scarcity.
There is a significant demand for developing high-performance, noble-metal-free OER electrocatalysts.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in the design and synthesis of noble-metal-free OER electrocatalysts.
To cover a wide range of catalyst materials including hydroxides, oxides, chalcogenides, nitrides, phosphides, and metal-free compounds.
To discuss catalyst performance across various electrolytes (alkaline, neutral, acidic) and provide future perspectives.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent research on OER electrocatalysts.
Categorization of catalysts based on elemental composition (Ni, Co, Fe, Mn) and material type.
Analysis of catalyst performance in different electrolyte conditions.

Main Results:

Summarized recent progress in noble-metal-free OER electrocatalysts.
Highlighted diverse material classes and their suitability for OER.
Discussed structure-activity relationships for OER performance.

Conclusions:

Noble-metal-free OER electrocatalysts show great promise for sustainable energy applications.
Further research is needed in catalyst fabrication, evaluation, and understanding structure-activity relationships.
Development of efficient and cost-effective OER catalysts is essential for electrochemical energy technologies.