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A step-by-step approach to developing scales for survey research.

Ahtisham Younas1, Caroline Porr2

  • 1School of Nursing, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada.

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This study outlines a six-step process for developing rigorous scales in survey research. It addresses the gap in methodological literature, ensuring scales are valid and reliable for nurse researchers.

Keywords:
data collectionmethodologynursing researchquestionnairessurveys

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Area of Science:

  • Nursing Research Methodology
  • Survey Research Instruments
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Questionnaires and scales are vital for data collection but require rigorous development.
  • Existing literature often lacks detailed guidance on scale development, including item generation, scaling, and validation.
  • There's a need for a systematic approach to scale development in survey research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a systematic and rigorous process for developing scales for survey research.
  • To clarify the distinctions between scales, questionnaires, and inventories.
  • To provide practical guidance for nurse researchers undertaking scale development.

Main Methods:

  • A six-step process for scale development is detailed.
  • The approach emphasizes explicit instructions and practical examples.
  • Multiple methods are recommended at each development stage to address challenges.

Main Results:

  • The proposed six-step process enables the development of applicable, valid, and reliable scales.
  • The methodology addresses challenges in conceptualization, contextualization, and operationalization.
  • This systematic approach enhances the rigor of nursing research instruments.

Conclusions:

  • A structured, step-by-step approach is crucial for developing valid and reliable scales.
  • This methodology fills a gap in the literature, supporting accurate measurement of abstract concepts.
  • Implementing this process will improve the quality and rigor of nursing survey research.