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Review and Preview01:10

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Review and Preview01:13

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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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Systematic Sampling Method01:17

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
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In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
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Comorbidities in polymyalgia rheumatica: a systematic review.

Richard Partington1, Toby Helliwell2, Sara Muller2

  • 1Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Primary Care Sciences, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK. r.partington@keele.ac.uk.

Arthritis Research & Therapy
|November 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This review found limited, methodologically weak research on comorbidities in Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR). Associated conditions include stroke, cardiovascular disease, and hypothyroidism, but cancer links remain unclear.

Keywords:
Polymyalgia rheumatica, Giant cell arteritis, Systematic review, Comorbidities, Multimorbidity, Epidemiology

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Epidemiology
  • Systematic Review

Background:

  • Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) is a common inflammatory condition in older adults, often leading to severe disability.
  • Existing knowledge of PMR comorbidities relies on limited case reports and small studies.
  • A systematic review is needed to consolidate current understanding of PMR-associated comorbidities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the existing literature on comorbidities associated with Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR).
  • To identify and summarize reported associations between PMR and various health conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases for observational studies up to November 2016.
  • Included studies mentioning Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) or Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA).
  • Assessed study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa tool and extracted relevant data.

Main Results:

  • 41 studies were included after reviewing over 17,000 papers.
  • Positive associations were observed between PMR and stroke, cardiovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, diverticular disease, and hypothyroidism.
  • Evidence for an association between PMR and malignancy was inconsistent, with some studies reporting positive links and others finding no association.

Conclusions:

  • Research on PMR comorbidities is methodologically inadequate and lacks comprehensive coverage.
  • Accurate quantification of comorbidity prevalence is crucial for service planning and identifying challenging PMR cases.
  • Future research should investigate a broader range of comorbidities in validated PMR populations.