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Related Concept Videos

What is Natural Selection?01:32

What is Natural Selection?

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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Natural selection, a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology, is the mechanism by which evolution is driven, favoring organisms that are best adapted to their environments. This process enhances their chances of survival and reproduction. Adaptation, a key outcome of this process, involves genetic modifications that optimize an organism's functionality under specific environmental challenges, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes.
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In vitro Assessment of Myocardial Protection following Hypothermia-Preconditioning in a Human Cardiac Myocytes Model
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Selective brain hypothermia.

Jae H Choi1, John Pile-Spellman1

  • 1Neurological Surgery PC, Lake Success, NY, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|November 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Selective brain hypothermia offers targeted neuroprotection for ischemia. While ideal systems are elusive, various clinical methods provide organ-selective cooling for diverse patient needs.

Keywords:
cardiac arrestcerebral ischemiaendovascularintra-arterialneuroprotectionselective brain coolingselective brain hypothermiasurfacetherapeutic hypothermiatransnasal

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Devices
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Selective brain hypothermia is a neuroprotective strategy investigated in animal models of global and focal ischemia.
  • It offers advantages over systemic hypothermia, including rapid induction, profound cooling, and organ selectivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and developing clinical systems for selective brain hypothermia.
  • To discuss the considerations for selecting appropriate systems based on patient needs and injury characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical systems utilizing conductive, convective, and mass/energy transport methods for brain cooling.
  • Analysis of factors influencing system selection, including timing and extent of ischemic injury, and therapeutic setting.

Main Results:

  • Clinical systems for selective brain hypothermia exist or are in development, employing various cooling modalities.
  • No single
  • ideal
  • noninvasive system is currently available; system choice depends on specific clinical scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • Selective brain hypothermia is a promising neuroprotective approach with available and emerging clinical technologies.
  • Successful clinical translation requires smart engineering, proven safety and efficacy, and seamless integration into clinical workflows.