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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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Gene Conversion02:08

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Gene Flow02:39

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Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
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Gene Families01:57

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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Efficient Production and Identification of CRISPR/Cas9-generated Gene Knockouts in the Model System Danio rerio
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Creating Targeted Gene Knockouts in Barley Using CRISPR/Cas9.

Tom Lawrenson1, Wendy A Harwood2

  • 1John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK. tom.lawrenson@jic.ac.uk.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary

CRISPR/Cas9 technology enables the creation of knockout mutants in barley, a valuable reverse genetics tool. This method allows for targeted gene mutations, facilitating functional studies in crop species.

Keywords:
BarleyCRISPR/Cas9Gene editKnockoutMutantTransgene freeVector

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics
  • Molecular biology
  • Crop improvement

Background:

  • Reverse genetics tools are crucial for crop improvement but underdeveloped in many species.
  • CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionized gene editing, making it accessible for crop research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish and demonstrate the utility of CRISPR/Cas9 for generating knockout mutants in barley.
  • To facilitate functional gene analysis in a key crop species.

Main Methods:

  • A single T-DNA construct containing CRISPR/Cas9 components was transformed into barley immature embryos.
  • Stable transgenic barley lines were regenerated via tissue culture.
  • Mutations in target genes were identified in T0, T1, and T2 generations.

Main Results:

  • CRISPR/Cas9 successfully generated targeted mutations in barley.
  • Non-transgenic mutant lines were obtained by segregating T-DNA in subsequent generations.
  • This approach enables the creation of loss-of-function alleles for gene studies.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR/Cas9 is an effective tool for generating knockout mutants in barley.
  • This methodology significantly advances reverse genetics capabilities in crop species.
  • The developed method provides a pathway for efficient functional genomics in barley.