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Related Concept Videos

Dietary Connections01:23

Dietary Connections

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In biological systems, most metabolic pathways are interconnected. The cellular respiration processes that convert glucose to ATP—such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle—tie into those that break down other organic compounds. As a result, various foods—from apples to cheese to guacamole—end up as ATP. In addition to carbohydrates, food also contains proteins and lipids—such as cholesterol and fats. All of these organic compounds are used...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Introduction to Connective Tissues01:11

Introduction to Connective Tissues

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Connective tissues are one of the four main tissue types in humans that are extensively present in the body. They are characterized by cells embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of a ground substance and three main types of protein fibers— collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. The ground substance of connective tissues can range from a watery and jelly-like consistency to mineralized and hard. The wide variety of cells in the connective tissues include fibroblasts,...
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Classification of Connective Tissues01:30

Classification of Connective Tissues

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The connective tissues have different properties and functions in the human body. They are broadly categorized into proper, supporting, or fluid connective tissues.
Connective Tissue Proper
Connective tissue proper is the most abundant class of connective tissues. As its name implies, it predominantly connects different tissues in the body. Depending on the cell types, ground substance, viscosity, and fiber types in the ECM, connective tissue proper is further categorized into loose and dense....
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Embryonic Connective Tissues01:20

Embryonic Connective Tissues

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During early development, the embryo forms two types of connective tissues— the mesenchyme and mucoid connective tissue.
The mesenchyme is the first connective tissue that emerges in the developing embryo. It consists of loosely arranged multipotent mesenchymal cells and reticular fibers in the extracellular matrix. This loose arrangement allows easy migration of cells, which is essential for germ layer positioning, patterning, and organ morphogenesis during embryonic development.
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Dense Connective Tissue01:13

Dense Connective Tissue

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Dense connective tissue contains more collagen fibers than loose connective tissue. As a consequence, it displays greater resistance to stretching. There are two major categories of dense connective tissue— regular and irregular.
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Connection between gut microbiome and brain development in preterm infants.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Neuroscience
  • Neonatal health

Background:

  • Gut microbiome dysbiosis in preterm infants is linked to necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and adverse neurological outcomes.
  • Early life presents critical developmental windows for both the gut microbiota and the nervous system.
  • Preterm infants offer a unique opportunity to study the microbiome-brain axis during development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review factors influencing neonatal gut microbiota assembly.
  • To examine the role of dysbiosis in preterm infants' neuroinflammation and neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • To explore emerging pathways connecting the gut microbiome and brain development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on neonatal gut microbiome assembly.
  • Analysis of studies on dysbiosis in preterm infants and its neurological consequences.
  • Discussion of animal models (e.g., humanized gnotobiotic models) and antibiotic exposure effects on brain development.

Main Results:

  • Dysbiosis contributes to neuroinflammation and neurodevelopmental issues in preterm infants.
  • Specific pathways linking gut microbiome alterations to brain development are being elucidated.
  • Current models provide insights into the impact of microbiome manipulation on brain function.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing the early-life microbiome is crucial for preterm infant brain development.
  • Understanding the microbiome-brain axis is key to developing targeted therapies.
  • Interventions aimed at the gut microbiome can protect against prematurity-related neurodevelopmental diseases.