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Related Concept Videos

Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
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Voltage01:13

Voltage

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The movement of electrons in a conductor requires some form of energy or work, usually provided by an external force, like a battery. This force is called the electromotive force or voltage. The voltage between two points, referred to as points "a" and "b," in an electric circuit is the energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge from point "a" to point "b," and this relationship is expressed mathematically as
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection
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Low voltage-defect quantum cascade lasers based on excited-states injection at λ ∼ 8.5  μm.

Yue Zhao, Jin-Chuan Zhang, Ning Zhuo

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    This study presents an excited-state injection quantum cascade laser with reduced operating voltage. The novel design achieves low threshold voltage and significant optical power, improving voltage efficiency.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Semiconductor devices

    Background:

    • Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are crucial for mid-infrared applications.
    • Conventional ground-state injection designs often suffer from high operating voltages due to voltage defects.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a novel quantum cascade laser design utilizing excited-state injection.
    • To reduce the operating voltage and improve efficiency compared to ground-state designs.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a 30-stage active region laser using buried-heterostructure processing.
    • Implementation of an excited-state injection scheme to minimize voltage defects.
    • Characterization of laser performance including threshold voltage, current density, and optical power.

    Main Results:

    • The excited-state injection QCL operates at λ∼8.5 μm.
    • Achieved a low threshold voltage of 6.3 V and a voltage defect of 54 mV.
    • Obtained a continuous-wave optical power of 340 mW at 283 K with a threshold current density of 2.7 kA/cm².

    Conclusions:

    • The excited-state injection design effectively reduces operating voltage and voltage defects in QCLs.
    • The demonstrated device shows promising performance for mid-infrared applications.
    • This approach has the potential to enhance wall plug and voltage efficiency for future QCL development.