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    This study optimizes binary pixel distributions for coherent wave amplitude modulation, significantly reducing binarization and pixelation noise. The method enhances optical applications like beam shaping and wavefront sensing without costly fabrication. Keywords: binary pixels, amplitude modulation, noise reduction, optical applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Wavefront Engineering

    Background:

    • Binarization and pixelation of optical elements introduce noise, limiting performance in applications like beam shaping and wavefront sensing.
    • Existing error diffusion algorithms for pixelated optics often require high fabrication precision and cost.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and demonstrate an optimized direct binary search method for spatially dithered binary amplitude pixel distributions.
    • To reduce noise induced by binarization and pixelation in optical systems.
    • To improve performance in beam shaping and optical differentiation wavefront sensing without increasing fabrication demands.

    Main Methods:

    • A full direct binary search algorithm was employed to optimize spatially dithered distributions of binary amplitude pixels.
    • The optimization process accounted for the experimental configuration of amplitude modulation of coherent waves.
    • The approach was applied to two distinct applications: beam shaping and optical differentiation wavefront sensing.

    Main Results:

    • The direct binary search method significantly reduced noise from binarization and pixelation in the region of interest.
    • Performance improvements were observed for both beam shaping (image plane) and optical differentiation wavefront sensing (far field).
    • The optimized design achieved significant error reduction compared to standard error diffusion algorithms.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed direct binary search optimization is effective for designing binary amplitude pixel distributions for coherent wave modulation.
    • This method offers a cost-effective solution for improving optical system performance by mitigating pixelation noise.
    • The approach provides a viable alternative to high-precision fabrication for advanced optical applications.