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Related Concept Videos

Speed of Sound in Gases01:08

Speed of Sound in Gases

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The speed of sound in a gaseous medium depends on various factors. Since gases constitute molecules that are free to move, they are highly compressible. Hence, sound waves travel slowly through gases. Thermodynamics helps us understand the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of gases, thus, the speed of sound in an ideal gas can be determined using the laws of thermodynamics. At the same time, Newton's laws of motion and the continuity equation of fluid dynamics also come...
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Speed of a Transverse Wave01:13

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The speed of a wave depends on the characteristics of the medium. For example, in the case of a guitar, the strings vibrate to produce the sound. The speed of the waves on the strings and the wavelength determine the frequency of the sound produced. The strings on a guitar have different thicknesses but may be made of similar material. They have different linear densities, and the linear density is defined as the mass per length.
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Distribution of Molecular Speeds01:27

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The motion of molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction for individual molecules, but a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds. This predictable distribution of molecular speeds is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The distribution of molecular speeds in liquids is comparable to that of gases but not identical and can help to understand the phenomenon of the boiling and vapor pressure of a liquid. Consider that a molecule requires a...
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Drag Force and Terminal Speed01:18

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An interesting force in everyday life is the force of drag on an object when it is moving in a fluid. Like friction, the drag force always opposes the motion of an object. Unlike simple friction, the drag force is proportional to some function of the velocity of the object in that fluid. This functionality is complicated and depends upon the shape of the object, its size, its velocity, and the fluid it is in. For most large objects, such as cyclists, cars, and baseballs, that are not moving too...
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Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid01:09

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As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
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Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves01:30

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Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Imaging and Quantification of the Area of Fast-Moving Microbubbles Using a High-Speed Camera and Image Analysis
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High-speed stereo-digital image correlation using a single color high-speed camera.

Liping Yu, Bing Pan

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    |November 22, 2018
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    Summary

    A new high-speed stereo-digital image correlation (stereo-DIC) method uses a single color camera for efficient 3D measurements. This technique offers cost-effective and practical solutions for dynamic events in engineering applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is a widely used technique for measuring deformation and strain.
    • High-speed measurements are crucial for analyzing dynamic events like impacts and explosions.
    • Existing high-speed stereo-DIC methods can be complex and costly.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a simple, practical, and cost-effective high-speed stereo-DIC technique.
    • To leverage a single off-the-shelf high-speed color CMOS camera for 3D kinematic measurements.
    • To improve efficiency and accuracy compared to previous stereo-DIC methods.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a high-speed color CMOS camera and optical filters to separate color channels.
    • Processing red and blue sub-images with standard stereo-DIC algorithms.
    • Characterizing system accuracy and precision by measuring displacements of a stationary object.

    Main Results:

    • The developed stereo-DIC system demonstrated good agreement with theoretical predictions for displacement measurements.
    • Successful application in measuring transient displacement and velocity of a rotating fan.
    • Accurate full-field vibration measurement of an aluminum panel and 3D deformation of an exploding balloon.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed high-speed stereo-DIC technique is cost-effective and easy to implement.
    • It enables high-speed 3D shape, displacement, and deformation measurements.
    • The method shows significant potential for impact engineering, explosion, and vibration testing.