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Related Concept Videos

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Common Ion Effect

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
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Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Exploring Cognitive Functions in Babies, Children & Adults with Near Infrared Spectroscopy
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Head start: cranial osteopathy for common baby problems.

Sara Randall

    The Practising Midwife
    |November 22, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Cranial osteopathy, a gentle form of osteopathic treatment, uses light touch to diagnose and manage tension patterns in babies. It addresses issues like colic, unsettled behavior, torticollis, feeding difficulties, and constipation.

    Area of Science:

    • Osteopathic manipulative medicine
    • Pediatric healthcare
    • Craniosacral therapy principles

    Background:

    • Cranial osteopathy is a specialized, gentle osteopathic modality.
    • It is particularly suited for infant treatment due to its non-invasive nature.
    • It aims to address various functional issues in babies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To outline the fundamental principles of cranial osteopathy.
    • To detail its practical application in managing common infant conditions.
    • To explain the diagnostic and therapeutic approach using gentle manipulation.

    Main Methods:

    • Employing gentle, tactile methods for diagnosis.
    • Utilizing subtle manipulations to release physical stresses and tensions.

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  • Holistic assessment of the infant's whole body tension patterns.

    • Main Results:

    • Effective management of colic and unsettled behavior in infants.
    • Resolution of torticollis through osteopathic intervention.
    • Improvement in feeding challenges and constipation.

    Conclusions:

    • Cranial osteopathy offers a safe and effective treatment for various infant ailments.
    • The gentle approach facilitates the release of physiological stress.
    • It supports overall infant well-being and development.