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Updated: Feb 2, 2026

A Millimeter Scale Flexural Testing System for Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Marine Sponge Spicules
Published on: October 11, 2017
Cacolides: Sesterterpene Butenolides from a Southern Australian Marine Sponge, Cacospongia sp
Shamsunnahar Khushi1, Laizuman Nahar2, Angela A Salim3
1Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. s.khushi@imb.uq.edu.au.
Abstract:
Chemical analysis of a marine sponge, Cacospongia sp. (CMB-03404), obtained during deep sea commercial fishing activities off the southern coast of Australia, yielded an unprecedented family of sesterterpene α-methyl-γ-hydroxybutenolides, cacolides A⁻L (1⁻12), together with biosynthetically related norsesterterpene carboxylic acids, cacolic acids A⁻C (13⁻15). Structures were assigned on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis with comparisons to known natural products and biosynthetic considerations. In addition to revealing new chemical diversity, this study provided a valuable platform for comparing and contrasting the capabilities of the traditional dereplication technologies of HPLC-DAD, HPLC-MS and NMR, with those of the emerging HPLC-MS/MS approach known as global natural products social molecular networking (GNPS), as applied to marine sponge sesterterpene tetronic acids.
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