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Ideal Solutions

Ideal Solutions

According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...

General Properties of Solutions

General Properties of Solutions

Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed.

Solution Formation

Solution Formation

There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...

Enthalpy of Solution

Enthalpy of Solution

There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:

Standard Solutions

Standard Solutions

Standard solutions refer to solutions with a precisely known concentration or composition. A primary standard is a highly pure, high molar mass, stable substance that is entirely soluble in water, the most commonly used solvent in analytical chemistry. The primary standard solution can be used to standardize secondary standards, which are substances with known concentrations but are less pure and stable. Standard solutions are essential for achieving accurate and reliable results in analytical...

Blank Solutions

Blank Solutions

A blank solution is a solution that does not contain the analyte, or the substance of interest being tested or measured. It is typically prepared using the same reagents and procedure as the sample solution but without adding the analyte. The primary purpose of preparing a blank solution is to account for any background interference or contamination that may affect the accuracy and reliability of the analytical method.
In some experimental cases, the reagents, solvents, or lab equipment used in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Ultrasensitive Detection of Biomarkers by Using a Molecular Imprinting Based Capacitive Biosensor

Ultrasensitive Detection of Biomarkers by Using a Molecular Imprinting Based Capacitive Biosensor

Published on: February 16, 2018

Challenges and Solutions in Developing Ultrasensitive Biosensors.

Yanfang Wu¹, Richard D Tilley¹, J Justin Gooding¹

¹School of Chemistry, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|November 23, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers are developing advanced bioanalytical sensors for ultra-sensitive detection. Nanomaterials offer solutions to challenges in assay sensitivity, response time, and selectivity for sub-picomolar detection limits.

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Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Nanotechnology
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Achieving sub-picomolar detection limits in bioanalytical sensors is crucial for early disease diagnosis and monitoring.
Key challenges include assay sensitivity, response time, and selectivity, particularly in limiting background signals.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the latest strategies and challenges in developing bioanalytical sensors with sub-picomolar detection limits.
To highlight the role of nanomaterials in overcoming these development hurdles.

Main Methods:

Utilizing nanoscale confinement (nanopores, nanoparticles) to enhance assay sensitivity.
Employing nanostructuring and magnetic nanoparticles for improved sensor-sample interaction and faster response times.
Loading nanoparticles with biorecognition species to increase selectivity.

Main Results:

Nanomaterials provide effective solutions for enhancing sensitivity, reducing response times, and improving selectivity in bioanalytical sensors.
Strategies discussed include nanoscale confinement, nanostructuring, magnetic nanoparticle dispersion, and multi-ligand nanoparticle functionalization.
Case studies, such as prostate-specific antigen detection, illustrate the comparative effectiveness of different strategies.

Conclusions:

Nanomaterials are pivotal in advancing bioanalytical sensor technology towards sub-picomolar detection.
Future opportunities lie in developing single-molecule sensors and achieving even lower detection concentrations.