Defining the Aesthetic Range of Normal Symmetry for Lip and Nose Features in 5-Year-Old Children Using the
Nirvana S S Kornmann1,2, Robin A Tan2, Frans J Mulder2
11 West Midlands Cleft Lip and Palate Service, Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Summary
This study establishes normal facial symmetry ranges for children using SymNose software. It introduces a thin lip correction (TLC) feature, improving accuracy for lip symmetry analysis in cleft surgery assessments.
Area of Science:
- Plastic Surgery
- Medical Imaging
- Pediatric Research
Background:
- Assessing facial symmetry post-cleft surgery is crucial for evaluating surgical outcomes.
- Existing methods may not adequately account for variations in lip thickness, potentially skewing symmetry measurements.
Purpose of the Study:
- To establish normative reference ranges for facial symmetry in non-cleft children using the SymNose software.
- To introduce and validate the Thin Lip Correction (TLC) feature within SymNose for improved lip symmetry analysis.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of facial photographs from 91 healthy five-year-old children.
- Symmetry measurements of nose and lip features were performed using SymNose on anteroposterior (AP) and base view images.
- Three independent investigators traced images twice to ensure reliability.
Main Results:
- Established reference ranges for perimeter mismatch percentages for various facial features (nose, lip, nostrils, width-height ratio).
- The Thin Lip Correction (TLC) feature significantly reduced lip perimeter mismatch compared to analyses without correction (P < .001).
Conclusions:
- Provides essential normative data for assessing symmetry in children after cleft surgery.
- Highlights the importance of accounting for lip volume variations using features like TLC for accurate symmetry assessment.
Related Concept Videos
02:32Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation
28.2K
In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...
28.2K
01:26Symmetry
209
The equation of an ellipse centered at the origin defines all points whose distances from the center maintain a constant ratio between the horizontal and vertical axes. This equation results in a smooth, closed curve that extends further along the x-axis than the y-axis, giving it a horizontal orientation. Such an ellipse demonstrates three kinds of symmetry: across the x-axis, across the y-axis, and about the origin. These symmetries are essential in understanding the graph's structure and...
209
00:59Range
14.2K
The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
15.9; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
Measurements of the amount of soda in a 16-ounce can vary since different subjects record these measurements or since the exact amount - 16 ounces of liquid, was not...
15.9; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
Measurements of the amount of soda in a 16-ounce can vary since different subjects record these measurements or since the exact amount - 16 ounces of liquid, was not...
14.2K
01:27Gauss's Law: Planar Symmetry
9.6K
A planar symmetry of charge density is obtained when charges are uniformly spread over a large flat surface. In planar symmetry, all points in a plane parallel to the plane of charge are identical with respect to the charges. Suppose the plane of the charge distribution is the xy-plane, and the electric field at a space point P with coordinates (x, y, z) is to be determined. Since the charge density is the same at all (x, y) - coordinates in the z = 0 plane, by symmetry, the electric field at P...
9.6K
01:24Nose and Nasal Cavity
11.8K
The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
11.8K
01:28Symmetry in Maxwell's Equations
4.2K
Once the fields have been calculated using Maxwell's four equations, the Lorentz force equation gives the force that the fields exert on a charged particle moving with a certain velocity. The Lorentz force equation combines the force of the electric field and of the magnetic field on the moving charge. Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force law together encompass all the laws of electricity and magnetism. The symmetry that Maxwell introduced into his mathematical framework may not be...
4.2K