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Related Concept Videos

Plasticity00:58

Plasticity

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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Plasticizers01:31

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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
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Plastic Behavior01:21

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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Plastic Deformations01:14

Plastic Deformations

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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Plastic Deformations01:19

Plastic Deformations

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Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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Plastic Deformation in Circular Shafts01:20

Plastic Deformation in Circular Shafts

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When materials are subjected to forces that surpass their yield strength, they undergo a process known as plastic deformation. This results in a permanent alteration or strain in their structure. This concept can be specifically applied to circular shafts, where the deformation leads to a change in its shape. The precise evaluation of this plastic deformation requires understanding the stress distribution within the circular shaft, which is achieved by calculating the maximum shearing stress in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity
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Novel Roles for SUMOylation in Cellular Plasticity.

Bruno Di Stefano1, Konrad Hochedlinger1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

Trends in Cell Biology
|November 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals that SUMOylation guards cell identity during differentiation and reprogramming. It reinforces active gene enhancers and maintains silenced chromatin, ensuring stable cell fate.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Differentiation and Development

Background:

  • Cell fate transitions involve dynamic gene expression changes.
  • The role of post-translational modifications, like SUMOylation, in maintaining cell identity is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of SUMOylation in cell fate transitions.
  • To determine how SUMOylation influences gene expression and chromatin states during differentiation and reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • The study likely employed techniques to analyze SUMOylation patterns and their effects on gene expression and chromatin structure.
  • Methods may include ChIP-seq for enhancer activity and heterochromatin marks, alongside gene expression analysis.

Main Results:

  • SUMOylation acts as a guardian of cell identity during differentiation and reprogramming.
  • It specifically reinforces active enhancers and maintains silenced heterochromatin.
  • These effects are context-specific, adapting to cellular needs.

Conclusions:

  • SUMOylation plays a crucial role in preserving cell identity by regulating key epigenetic elements.
  • Understanding SUMOylation's function provides insights into controlling cell fate decisions.