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Asthma-I: Introduction01:29

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Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...
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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
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Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
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Non-eosinophilic asthma: current perspectives.

Ignacio Esteban-Gorgojo1, Darío Antolín-Amérigo2, Javier Domínguez-Ortega3,4

  • 1Department of Allergy, Hospital General de Villalba, Madrid, Spain, igestebang@gmail.com.

Journal of Asthma and Allergy
|November 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Non-eosinophilic asthma (NEA), lacking eosinophils, is a severe asthma type unresponsive to standard treatments. New therapies targeting non-type 2 inflammation are crucial for difficult-to-control asthma patients.

Keywords:
asthmaasthma endotypeasthma phenotypeneutrophilic asthmanon-eosinophilic asthma

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Immunology
  • Allergy

Background:

  • Non-eosinophilic asthma (NEA) is an underrecognized asthma phenotype characterized by airway inflammation without eosinophils.
  • It is defined by sputum eosinophil counts below 2% and linked to environmental factors like smoking and pollution.
  • NEA represents a significant portion of severe asthma cases, often showing poor response to inhaled corticosteroids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the clinical significance of non-eosinophilic asthma.
  • To underscore the lack of targeted treatments for NEA compared to eosinophilic asthma.
  • To emphasize the need for research into novel therapeutic strategies for non-type 2 asthma.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current understanding of NEA pathophysiology and clinical characteristics.
  • Analysis of risk factors contributing to non-type 2 inflammation.
  • Examination of treatment responses and therapeutic gaps in NEA.

Main Results:

  • NEA is associated with diverse risk factors activating non-type 2 inflammatory pathways.
  • This asthma phenotype exhibits poor response to conventional therapies, including inhaled corticosteroids.
  • NEA accounts for approximately 50% of severe asthma cases, indicating a substantial unmet medical need.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need for effective treatments for non-type 2 asthma, as current biologics primarily target type 2 inflammation.
  • Ongoing research focuses on identifying underlying phenotypes and developing targeted therapies for NEA.
  • Understanding and addressing NEA is vital for improving outcomes in difficult-to-control asthma.