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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
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Telementoring of Surgeons: A Systematic Review.

Simon Erridge1, Derek K T Yeung1, Hitendra R H Patel2

  • 11 Imperial College London, London, UK.

Surgical Innovation
|November 23, 2018
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Telementoring offers a safe and effective surgical training alternative to traditional on-site mentoring. Further research is needed to fully understand its role and optimize technological advancements for wider adoption.

Keywords:
educationtechnologytelemedicinetelementoringtraining

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Area of Science:

  • Surgical Education
  • Medical Technology
  • Remote Healthcare

Background:

  • Telementoring shows promise as a surgical training method.
  • Prior research indicates telementoring is a safe modality.
  • This review examines telementoring systems' technical capabilities and mentoring benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the technological capabilities of reported telementoring systems.
  • To assess the potential benefits of telementoring as a mentoring modality.
  • To compare telementoring with on-site mentoring in surgical training.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review up to July 2017, following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Study quality assessed using Oxford Levels of Evidence.
  • Data extracted on technical aspects (bandwidth, latency, cost) and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • 66 studies included; 48% in general surgery.
  • 98% used video/audio, 58% used telestration.
  • 12 studies compared telementoring to on-site mentoring; 7 showed no significant difference.

Conclusions:

  • Telementoring demonstrates comparable safety and efficacy to on-site mentoring.
  • Further analysis is required to define telementoring's role in surgical education.
  • Technological advancements are crucial for broader telementoring implementation.