Collection planning for the next 100 years: What will we commit to save in zoos and aquariums?

The "sustainability crisis" in zoos and aquariums has been a sobering reminder of how limited our resources are for maintaining viable populations of species threatened with extinction. This, combined with increasing concern among the public about the value of zoos and aquariums, suggests that the zoological profession should engage in a thorough re-examination of our guiding principles, philosophies, and practices with regard to collection planning at global, regional, and institutional scales. An analysis of AZA cooperative breeding programs reveals that in order to make these populations viable, many more founders and tens of thousands more spaces for animals, either in existing facilities or new ones, are necessary if we want to maintain all of the species that are covered by cooperative breeding programs currently. Regional zoological associations and their associated cooperative breeding programs must be more strategic and make more scientifically defensible decisions about which species to try and safeguard in zoos and aquariums. This would enable the zoological profession to give society a "Promise List" of species that we will commit to save from total extinction. Developing such a list will require a collaborative, inclusive process that transcends zoological regions. Regional association leaders, zoo & aquarium directors, and curators must make commitments to safeguard the species on the Promise List regardless of other interests. As our profession re-examines its philosophies and practices and finds ways to increase its capacity to provide refuge for species facing extinction in the wild, it may be possible to expand the Promise List.