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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...
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Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

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The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: How to Generate and Visualize Them
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Extracellular traps in kidney disease.

Daigo Nakazawa1, Julian A Marschner2, Louise Platen2

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.

Kidney International
|November 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and macrophage extracellular traps (ETs) contribute to kidney injury and inflammation. These traps, involving extracellular chromatin and histones, can cause tissue damage and remote organ injury.

Keywords:
AKIcell deathglomerulonephritisinnate immunitynecroptosisresolution

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Nephrology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are crucial for host defense but also implicated in tissue damage.
  • Extracellular traps (ETs) from neutrophils and macrophages are increasingly recognized in kidney diseases.
  • Histones released from ETs are cytotoxic and promote inflammation in acute kidney injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the formation and role of ETs from neutrophils and macrophages in kidney diseases.
  • To summarize experimental evidence and ongoing discussions regarding ETs in renal pathology.
  • To highlight the contribution of ETs to acute kidney injury and remote organ damage.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on neutrophil and macrophage extracellular traps in kidney injury.
  • Analysis of experimental evidence linking ETs to specific renal pathologies.
  • Discussion of the cytotoxic and inflammatory mechanisms of ET components like histones.

Main Results:

  • NETs and ETs are involved in pathogen clearance, sterile inflammation, and tissue damage in the kidney.
  • ETs are implicated in various forms of acute kidney injury, including necroinflammation.
  • ETs and dying renal cells can promote secondary injuries in remote organs, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Conclusions:

  • ETs play a multifaceted role in kidney diseases, contributing to both injury and inflammation.
  • Understanding ET formation and function is critical for developing therapeutic strategies for acute kidney injury.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms and context-dependent roles of ETs in renal pathology.