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Black-white differences in happiness, 1972-2014.

John Iceland1, Sarah Ludwig-Dehm1

  • 1Penn State University, USA.

Social Science Research
|November 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The racial gap in happiness has narrowed between 1972 and 2014. Differences in income and marital status increasingly explain this decline in the happiness gap.

Area of Science:

  • Sociology
  • Psychology
  • Health Economics

Background:

  • Subjective well-being, indicated by happiness, is a crucial measure of individual and societal health.
  • Persistent racial disparities in the United States have historically impacted various life outcomes, including well-being.
  • Understanding trends in the happiness gap is vital for assessing progress toward racial equality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the change in the black-white happiness gap from 1972 to 2014.
  • To identify the key demographic and socioeconomic factors contributing to the observed changes in the happiness gap.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of longitudinal data from the General Social Survey (GSS) spanning 1972-2014.
  • Application of decomposition analysis to ascertain the drivers of the changing happiness gap.
Keywords:
General social surveyHappinessRacial and ethnic inequalitySubjective well-being

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Main Results:

  • A substantial black-white happiness gap exists but has significantly declined over the study period.
  • Observable differences in characteristics, particularly income and marital status, explain a growing portion of this gap.
  • Income and marital status are strongly correlated with both race and happiness levels.

Conclusions:

  • The narrowing happiness gap suggests incremental progress toward racial equality in subjective well-being.
  • Socioeconomic factors like income and marital status play a critical role in mediating racial disparities in happiness.
  • While some disparities are narrowing, significant inequalities persist across other societal domains.