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IntroductionNephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder marked by excessive protein loss in the urine, leading to various systemic complications. This condition often results from damage to the glomeruli—the kidney's filtering units—causing proteinuria, low blood protein levels, and fluid retention. Understanding the assessment, diagnosis, and management of nephrotic syndrome is essential for effective treatment and prevention of further kidney damage.AssessmentPatient History: Document...
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Neonatal abstinence syndrome.

Mara G Coyle1, Susan B Brogly2, Mahmoud S Ahmed3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. mcoyle@wihri.org.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) is increasing due to rising opioid use. Non-pharmacological interventions like breastfeeding are prioritized for managing NOWS symptoms in newborns.

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
  • Pediatrics
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) encompasses symptoms from prenatal substance cessation.
  • Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) specifically addresses opioid exposure during pregnancy.
  • Rising global opioid use has led to an increased incidence of NOWS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS).
  • To discuss the multifactorial nature of NOWS severity.
  • To highlight current management strategies and ongoing research needs for NOWS.

Main Methods:

  • This primer synthesizes existing literature on NOWS.
  • It reviews factors influencing NOWS presentation and severity.
  • It examines non-pharmacological and pharmacological management approaches.

Main Results:

  • NOWS severity varies and is influenced by maternal and neonatal factors.
  • Non-pharmacological interventions (breastfeeding, rooming-in) are increasingly prioritized.
  • Long-term effects of fetal opioid exposure require further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Effective care for NOWS requires addressing maternal health and social determinants.
  • Non-pharmacological interventions offer a promising approach to symptom management.
  • Further research is crucial to understand and mitigate the long-term consequences of NOWS.