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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

17.7K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

55.1K
Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

2.0K
Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states...
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Predictive Immune Modeling of Solid Tumors
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Making CAR T Cells a Solid Option for Solid Tumors.

Andrea Schmidts1, Marcela V Maus1

  • 1Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|November 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy shows promise for solid tumors by overcoming challenges like antigen identification and T cell persistence. Strategies include combinatorial targeting and regional delivery for improved cancer treatment.

Keywords:
CAR-T cellscancercell engineeringimmunotherapysolid tumorstoxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunotherapy
  • Oncology
  • Cellular Therapy

Background:

  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has revolutionized B cell malignancy treatment.
  • Significant challenges hinder CAR T cell efficacy in solid tumors, including antigen targeting and tumor microenvironment resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current strategies for enhancing CAR T cell therapy in solid cancers.
  • To address limitations in antigen identification, T cell trafficking, expansion, and persistence.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on combinatorial antigen targeting approaches.
  • Discuss regional delivery methods for CAR T cells.
  • Explore strategies to improve CAR T cell persistence within the tumor microenvironment.

Main Results:

  • Combinatorial targeting enhances specificity and reduces antigen escape.
  • Regional delivery improves CAR T cell infiltration and local concentration.
  • Approaches to overcome tumor microenvironment hostility are crucial for sustained anti-tumor activity.

Conclusions:

  • Overcoming challenges in antigen recognition and CAR T cell persistence is key for solid tumor treatment.
  • Multifaceted strategies combining targeting, delivery, and persistence are essential for advancing CAR T cell immunotherapy in solid cancers.