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Related Concept Videos

Beams01:30

Beams

1.9K
Beams are integral components of structural engineering and construction, designed to support loads applied at various points along their length. These long, straight members can be classified based on geometry, cross-section, support type, and equilibrium condition.
Based on geometry, beams can be straight, tapered, or curved. Straight beams are the most common type and have a constant cross-section throughout their length. Tapered beams, on the other hand, have a varying cross-section along...
1.9K
Deflection of a Beam01:19

Deflection of a Beam

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Accurately determining beam deflection and slope under various loading conditions in structural engineering is crucial for ensuring safety and structural integrity. Singularity functions offer a streamlined approach to analyzing beams, especially when multiple loading functions complicate the bending moment equation.
Singularity functions, described in an earlier lesson, are powerful mathematical tools that represent discontinuities within a function commonly encountered in structural loading...
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Prismatic Beams: Problem Solving01:15

Prismatic Beams: Problem Solving

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In the design of a supported timber beam subjected to a distributed load, both the beam's physical dimensions and the timber's characteristics, such as its grade and species, are critical. These factors determine the allowable stress values, which are crucial for calculating the necessary beam depth to ensure structural integrity and safety.
The design begins with analyzing the beam as a free body to identify moments and force balances, thereby determining support reactions. Next, the...
469
Principal Stresses in a Beam01:11

Principal Stresses in a Beam

728
In prismatic beams subject to arbitrary transverse loading, It is essential to analyze the interaction between shear forces and bending moments in order to understand stress distribution and ensure structural integrity. The highest normal or bending stress occurs at the outer fibers of the beam, decreasing linearly to zero at the neutral axis. In contrast, shear stress peaks at the neutral axis and diminishes toward the outer surfaces.
Analyzing principal stresses is crucial, especially in...
728
Beams with Symmetric Loadings01:15

Beams with Symmetric Loadings

418
The moment-area method is an analytical tool used in structural engineering to determine the slope and deflection of beams under various loads. Consider a cantilever with a concentrated load and moment at the free end. The first step is constructing a free-body diagram to calculate the reactions at the fixed end. Next, the bending moment diagram is plotted to visualize how the bending moment varies along the beam's length, focusing on points where the bending moment equals zero.
The M/EI...
418
Beams with Unsymmetric Loadings01:17

Beams with Unsymmetric Loadings

436
Analyzing a supported beam under unsymmetrical loadings is essential in structural engineering to understand how beams respond to varied force distributions. This analysis involves calculating the deflection and identifying points where the slope of the beam is zero, which are crucial for ensuring structural stability and functionality.
The first moment-area theorem determines the slope at any point on the beam. This theorem indicates that the change in slope between two points on a beam...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces
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Multiple OAM vortex beams generation using 1-bit metasurface.

Di Zhang, Xiangyu Cao, Huanhuan Yang

    Optics Express
    |November 25, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    A novel 1-bit metasurface generates multiple orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex beams with opposite topological charges. This method enables dual-beam, four-beam, and full-space OAM wave generation, confirmed by simulations and experiments.

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    Area of Science:

    • Electromagnetics
    • Optical physics
    • Metamaterials

    Background:

    • Orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex beams offer unique properties for advanced optical applications.
    • Generating multiple OAM beams with controlled characteristics remains a challenge.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate a novel method for generating multiple OAM vortex beams using a 1-bit metasurface.
    • To achieve mirror-symmetrical OAM beams with opposite topological charges.

    Main Methods:

    • Design and simulation of a 1-bit metasurface with precisely controlled phase shifts.
    • Full-wave electromagnetic simulations to analyze dual-beam, four-beam, and full-space OAM generation.
    • Fabrication and experimental measurement of a metasurface prototype in an anechoic chamber.

    Main Results:

    • Successful generation of mirror-symmetrical OAM vortex beams in targeted directions.
    • Demonstration of dual-beam, four-beam, and full-space OAM wave generation.
    • Experimental validation of the metasurface's capability to produce multiple OAM beams.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed 1-bit metasurface offers an effective approach for generating multiple OAM vortex beams.
    • The method allows for precise control over beam direction and topological charge.
    • This work contributes to advancements in OAM beam generation for diverse applications.