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    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric Science
    • Optical Remote Sensing
    • Photonics

    Background:

    • Atmospheric lidar systems traditionally face limitations in range resolution and the ability to dynamically observe diverse atmospheric scatterers.
    • Photon time-tagging techniques offer potential for enhanced precision in lidar measurements.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present the application of time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) hardware and techniques to atmospheric lidar.
    • To demonstrate the viability of adapting photon time-tagging for high-resolution atmospheric profiling.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a high repetition rate, low pulse energy, elastic scattering, photon counting lidar system.
    • Applied time-correlated single photon counting for picosecond resolution photon detection.
    • Derived and tested detection probabilities considering system dead-time.

    Main Results:

    • Established the viability of TCSPC for atmospheric lidar, achieving millimeter-level range resolution.
    • Demonstrated preservation of backscattered intensities from various atmospheric scatterers.
    • Generated atmospheric point clouds and analyzed statistical implications for data retrieval.

    Conclusions:

    • TCSPC is a viable technique for advancing atmospheric lidar capabilities.
    • The method allows for high-resolution profiling and detailed characterization of atmospheric constituents.
    • This approach enhances data retrieval accuracy and provides new insights into atmospheric dynamics.