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Field-effect transistors (FETs) are integral to electronic circuits and distinguished by their three-terminal setup: the gate, drain, and source. These transistors operate as unipolar devices, which utilize either electrons or holes as charge carriers, in contrast to bipolar transistors, which use both types of carriers. The primary function of the FET is to modulate the flow of these carriers from the source to the drain through a channel. The voltage difference between the gate and source...
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Consider two point charges, each exerting Coulomb force on the other. It is possible to describe the Coulomb interaction via an intermediate step by defining a new physical quantity called the electric field.
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A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
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Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by time-varying magnetic fields. While the former is a conservative field, implying that no net work is done on a test charge if it goes around in a complete loop in the field, the latter is, by definition, not a conservative field; net work is done, and it is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
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Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers
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Field-programmable photonic arrays.

Daniel Pérez, Ivana Gasulla, Jose Capmany

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We introduce the Field Programmable Photonic Array, a novel integrated photonic device. This innovation offers reconfigurability for photonic circuits, similar to electronic FPGAs and FPAAs.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics
    • Integrated Optics
    • Device Engineering

    Background:

    • Traditional integrated photonic devices lack reconfigurability.
    • The need for adaptable photonic systems is growing.
    • Analogies exist in electronics with Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAAs).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a new programmable integrated photonic device: the Field Programmable Photonic Array (FPPA).
    • To outline the high-level concept, design principles, and building blocks of the FPPA.
    • To present experimental evidence demonstrating the feasibility of the FPPA.

    Main Methods:

    • Conceptualization of a novel programmable photonic architecture.
    • Discussion of fundamental photonic building blocks for programmability.
    • Exploration of design principles for integrated photonic reconfigurability.
    • Investigation of material and physical implementation technologies.
    • Experimental validation of the proposed FPPA concept.

    Main Results:

    • A detailed high-level concept for the Field Programmable Photonic Array is presented.
    • Key photonic building blocks and design principles for programmability are discussed.
    • Experimental evidence confirming the feasibility of the FPPA is provided.

    Conclusions:

    • The Field Programmable Photonic Array represents a significant advancement in integrated photonics.
    • The FPPA concept offers a pathway to reconfigurable photonic systems.
    • Experimental results validate the practical implementation of this programmable photonic device.