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Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Flow Sheet

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Flowsheets are valuable tools in nursing documentation. They enable healthcare professionals to efficiently record and monitor various patient assessments and measurements in a consolidated format.
Here's a closer look at the examples of flowsheets commonly used by nurses:
Graphic Sheet Documentation:

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Micron-scale Resolution Optical Tomography of Entire Mouse Brains with Confocal Light Sheet Microscopy

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Published on: October 8, 2013

Integrated light-sheet illumination using metallic slit microlenses.

Fan Ye, Benjamin W Avants, Ashok Veeraraghavan

|November 25, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed miniature planar metallic lenses for light sheet microscopy (LSM), also known as selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM). These lenses enable cost-effective, miniaturized SPIM systems for advanced biological imaging applications.

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Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Biomedical Imaging
Microscopy

Background:

Light sheet microscopy (LSM), or selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM), offers high-speed volumetric imaging.
Current SPIM systems rely on bulky table-top optics, hindering miniaturization and increasing costs.
Miniature, integrated illumination systems are crucial for reducing the footprint and cost of SPIM.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate planar metallic lenses as a key component for miniaturized SPIM illuminators.
To assess the feasibility of using simple, manufacturable lenses for generating light sheets.
To explore the potential for low-cost, integrated SPIM devices.

Main Methods:

Finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations were employed to analyze the beam-shaping capabilities of metallic slit lenses.
The performance of metallic slit lenses was compared to zone plate and plasmonic lenses.
The study evaluated broadband operation and polarization sensitivity of the proposed lenses.

Main Results:

Diffraction from a single slit in planar metallic lenses efficiently creates planar illumination with high light throughput.
Metallic slit microlenses demonstrate broadband performance across the visible spectrum and are nearly polarization insensitive.
Micron-scale features of metallic slit lenses are compatible with low-cost photolithographic manufacturing.

Conclusions:

Planar metallic slit lenses offer a viable, cost-effective solution for creating integrated SPIM illuminators.
These lenses enable the development of compact and inexpensive light-sheet illumination systems comparable to traditional setups.
Further miniaturization could lead to flat, implantable photonic devices for in vivo biological imaging.