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Related Concept Videos

Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

137.8K
One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Secondary healthcare is offered by a specialist, generally in hospitals or clinics for patients referred by primary healthcare providers. It occurs when a person has an illness or injury that requires specific medical care. Secondary care is often referred to as acute care. Secondary care can range from uncomplicated care to repair a minor laceration or treat a strep throat infection to more complicated emergent care, such as treating a head injury sustained in an automobile accident. Whatever...
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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Secondary Distribution01:25

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Secondary distribution systems provide electrical energy at the utilization voltage levels from distribution transformers to customer meters. Typical secondary voltages in the United States include 120/240 V for residential use, 208Y/120 V for residential and commercial use, and 480Y/277 V for industrial and high-rise commercial use.
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Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft
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Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

Published on: June 6, 2025

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Wide Awake Secondary Tendon Reconstruction.

Lin Lin Gao1, James Chang2

  • 1Chase Hand and Upper Limb Center, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, 770 Welch Road, Suite 400, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.

Hand Clinics
|November 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Wide awake anesthesia allows patients to actively participate in tendon repair surgery. This technique helps prevent issues like tightness or looseness, improving surgical outcomes and patient satisfaction.

Keywords:
Local anesthesiaTendon transferTenolysisTwo-stage tendon reconstructionWide awake

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Anesthesiology

Background:

  • Secondary tendon reconstruction presents challenges in achieving optimal repair tension and balance.
  • Intraoperative assessment of tendon integrity and release of problematic scarring is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the application and benefits of the wide awake anesthesia technique in secondary tendon reconstruction.
  • To highlight how patient participation enhances surgical precision and outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing wide awake anesthesia to facilitate active patient involvement during surgery.
  • Employing patient feedback to guide adjustments in tendon repair, tenolysis, and tendon transfer procedures.

Main Results:

  • Wide awake anesthesia enables real-time adjustment of tendon repairs, preventing excessive tightness or looseness.
  • Active patient participation aids in identifying and releasing scarred or triggering areas, reducing gapping and improving repair strength.
  • The technique supports the avoidance of tendon imbalances and allows for intraoperative patient education.

Conclusions:

  • Wide awake anesthesia is a valuable technique for secondary tendon reconstruction, offering improved functional outcomes.
  • Patient engagement during surgery leads to more precise repairs, reduced complications, and potentially higher patient satisfaction.