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Related Concept Videos

The Electromagnetic Spectrum02:37

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the various colors of visible light has specific frequencies and wavelengths associated with them, and you can see that visible light makes up only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because the technologies developed to work in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are different, for reasons of convenience and historical...
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum01:24

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies, giving the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are classified as radio, infrared, ultraviolet, etc. Radio waves refer to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from millimeters to kilometers. Radio waves are commonly used for audio communications (i.e., radios) and typically result from an alternating current in the wires of a broadcast antenna. They cover a broad wavelength range and are used...
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IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

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When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0%...
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Mass Spectrum01:23

Mass Spectrum

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A mass spectrum is the graphical representation of the relative abundance of the charged fragments in an analyte plotted against their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The plot's x-axis represents the ratio of the mass of the charged fragment to the number of charges it carries. The y axis of the plot represents the relative abundance of each charged species. The relative abundance is calculated from the signal intensity of each charged species recorded at the detector. The most intense signal (the...
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UV–Vis Spectrum01:30

UV–Vis Spectrum

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When light passes through a substance, a portion of the light is absorbed while the remaining light is reflected or transmitted. If the molecule absorbs light between the wavelengths of 180–400 nm range, the UV spectrum is obtained, and if it absorbs light in the 400–780 nm wavelength range, the visible spectrum is obtained.     
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Mass Spectrum: Interpretation01:24

Mass Spectrum: Interpretation

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An unknown compound can be established by identifying the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. The molecular ion peak is often weak or absent due to the predominance of fragmentation in high-energy electron beams. In such cases, a soft-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum to enhance the intensity of the molecular ion peak. Additionally, chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption ionization spectra are used to obtain a relatively intense molecular ion peak.To...
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Ex Vivo Perfusion of the Rodent Placenta
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Placenta Accreta Spectrum.

1, 1, Alison G Cahill1

  • 1Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, 409 12 St. SW, Washington, DC 20024, USA. pubs@smfm.org.

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Placenta accreta spectrum, a serious pregnancy complication, involves abnormal placental adherence. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary care are crucial for managing severe hemorrhage risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Perinatology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Gynecologic Pathology

Background:

  • Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) encompasses placenta accreta, increta, and percreta, characterized by abnormal placental adherence to the uterine wall.
  • The leading hypothesis for PAS etiology involves defective decidualization at uterine scar sites, allowing deep placental villi and trophoblast infiltration.
  • PAS can lead to severe maternal hemorrhage, necessitating blood transfusions and potentially impacting maternal mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the etiology, diagnosis, and management of placenta accreta spectrum.
  • To emphasize the importance of antenatal diagnosis and multidisciplinary care in optimizing patient outcomes.
  • To highlight risk factors and current treatment strategies for PAS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on placenta accreta spectrum.
  • Analysis of diagnostic challenges, including the role of ultrasound and clinical risk factors.
  • Discussion of current management protocols, including surgical approaches and team-based care.

Main Results:

  • Previous cesarean delivery is the most significant risk factor for PAS, with incidence increasing with the number of prior cesarean deliveries.
  • While ultrasound is valuable, its absence does not rule out PAS; clinical risk factors are equally important for prediction.
  • Antenatal diagnosis allows for planned delivery at specialized facilities, optimizing outcomes by avoiding labor and bleeding.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal management of PAS requires a standardized, multidisciplinary approach involving a specialized care team and robust postpartum hemorrhage protocols.
  • Cesarean hysterectomy with the placenta left in situ is the generally accepted surgical approach to minimize hemorrhage risk.
  • Effective management hinges on early detection, risk factor awareness, and coordinated care in high-level maternal facilities.