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Related Concept Videos

Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

Standard Electrode Potentials

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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Electrodes: Overview01:17

Electrodes: Overview

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 Electrochemical measurements are conducted in an electrochemical cell composed of various components that control and measure the current and potential. One fundamental component is electrodes, conductive materials that enable electron transfer reactions at their surfaces.
There are two main types of electrodes in electrochemical cells. The first type, known as the working or indicator electrode, has a potential that is sensitive to the analyte's concentration and reacts to changes in...
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Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

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Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
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Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

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Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at...
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Stimulants01:29

Stimulants

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Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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Motor Unit Stimulation01:20

Motor Unit Stimulation

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When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
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Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents
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Peri-electrode edema after deep brain stimulation.

Takuro Saitoh1, Rei Enatsu1, Takeshi Mikami1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia
|November 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Peri-electrode edema is common after deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease. This study identifies two types of non-infectious edema, aiding diagnosis and management.

Keywords:
Deep brain stimulationEdemaElectrodeT2-weighted hyperintensity

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Controlling Parkinson's Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Peri-electrode edema is a potential complication following deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery.
  • Accurate diagnosis and effective management of this edema can be challenging.
  • Non-infectious peri-electrode edema specifically after DBS placement in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients warrants further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize post-operative peri-electrode edema in patients with Parkinson's disease who underwent DBS surgery.
  • To differentiate between types of peri-electrode edema based on imaging findings and potential underlying mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of pre- and post-operative CT and MRI scans from fifteen patients who underwent DBS surgery between 2010 and 2018.
  • Evaluation of imaging characteristics, including FLAIR/T2 MRI and DWI, to detect and classify edema.
  • Correlation of imaging findings with clinical presentation and laboratory data (e.g., eosinophil count).

Main Results:

  • Six patients exhibited hyperintensity around DBS electrodes on FLAIR/T2 MRI without neurological deficits.
  • Two patients presented with limited FLAIR and DWI hyperintensities in deep white matter, suggesting potential microvascular occlusion.
  • Five patients showed extensive FLAIR or T2 hyperintensity in superficial white matter without vessel injury; one had an elevated eosinophil count.

Conclusions:

  • Peri-electrode edema is a recognized, non-uncommon occurrence after DBS surgery for Parkinson's disease.
  • Two distinct types of peri-electrode edema are identified: limited deep white matter edema and extensive superficial white matter edema.
  • These edema types may arise from different pathophysiological mechanisms, necessitating tailored diagnostic and management approaches.