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Expected Value01:15

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Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
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Expectation affects neural repetition suppression in infancy.

Lauren L Emberson1, Alex M Boldin1, Claire E Robertson1

  • 1Princeton University, United States.

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
|November 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Infant brains use top-down predictions to process auditory stimuli. Six-month-olds showed reduced neural activity when expecting auditory variability, indicating predictive coding in early development.

Keywords:
AuditoryContextDevelopmentExpectationInfantLanguageLanguage developmentLearningLexicalPredictionRepetition enhancementRepetition suppressionTaskWordsfNIRS

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Infant brains demonstrate predictive capabilities, though research is limited.
  • Auditory repetition suppression (RS) is a neural response to repeated stimuli.
  • Top-down predictions, not just bottom-up processing, may explain RS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate top-down predictive mechanisms in infant auditory repetition suppression.
  • To examine if infant neural responses are modulated by learned expectations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure brain activity in 6-month-old infants.
  • Compared neural responses in two auditory stimulus conditions: expected variability (75%) and equal likelihood (50%).

Main Results:

  • Infants showed reduced frontal lobe activation to variable auditory stimuli when variability was expected.
  • This attenuated response was greater compared to a control condition with equal probability of repetition and variability.

Conclusions:

  • Young infants' neural responses are influenced by predictive coding based on experience.
  • Findings suggest that top-down mechanisms play a significant role in infant auditory processing, challenging purely bottom-up explanations.