Effects of Conformational Changes in Peptide-CRM₁₉₇ Conjugate Vaccines

Conjugate vaccines prepared with the cross-reactive material 197 (CRM₁₉₇) carrier protein have been successful in the clinic and are of great interest in the field of immunotherapy. One route to preparing peptide-CRM₁₉₇ conjugate vaccines involves an activation-conjugation strategy, effectively coupling lysine residues on the protein to cysteine thiolate groups on the peptide of interest using a heterobifunctional linker as an activation agent. This method has been found to result in two distinct populations of conjugates, believed to be the result of a conformational change of CRM₁₉₇ during preparation. This report explores the factors that lead to this conformational change, pointing to a model in which the unintentional alkylation of histidine-21 by the activating agent promotes the "opening" of the monomeric protein. This exposes a new set of lysine residues that are modified by additional activation agents. Subsequent peptide ligation to these sites results in the two conformers. This is the first time that a specific chemical modification is demonstrated to induce a defined conformational change for this carrier protein. Importantly, alternative conditions and reagents have been found to minimize this effect, improving the conformational homogeneity of peptide-CRM₁₉₇ conjugates.