Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Scalar Product (Dot Product)

Scalar Product (Dot Product)

The scalar multiplication of two vectors is known as the scalar or dot product. As the name indicates, the scalar product of two vectors results in a number, that is, a scalar quantity. Scalar products are used to define work and energy relations. For example, the work that a force (a vector) performs on an object while causing its displacement (a vector) is defined as a scalar product of the force vector with the displacement vector.
The scalar product of two vectors is obtained by multiplying...

Vector Product (Cross Product)

Vector Product (Cross Product)

Vector multiplication of two vectors yields a vector product, with the magnitude equal to the product of the individual vectors multiplied by the sine of the angle between both the vectors and the direction perpendicular to both the individual vectors. As there are always two directions perpendicular to a given plane, one on each side, the direction of the vector product is governed by the right-hand thumb rule.
Consider the cross product of two vectors. Imagine rotating the first vector about...

Primary Production

Primary Production

The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.

Production Efficiency

Production Efficiency

Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).

The Dot Product

The Dot Product

Measuring how one directional quantity affects another along a specific path involves comparing their orientation and strength. When two such quantities are represented using direction and amount, a numerical result is computed to show how much one acts along the path of the other. This result comes from a rule combining both inputs' horizontal and vertical parts and adding the results.This calculation gives a single value that grows larger when both inputs point in similar directions and...

Dot Product

Dot Product

The dot product is an essential concept in mathematics and physics.
In engineering, the dot product of any two vectors is the product of the magnitudes of the vectors and the cosine of the angle between them. It is denoted by a dot symbol between the two vectors.
Consider a vehicle pulling an object along the ground using a rope. If the rope makes an angle with the horizontal axis, the work done can be calculated using the dot product of the force applied and the object's displacement.
The dot...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

ERGA-BGE reference genome of the Eurasian Woodcock ( <i>Scolopax rusticola</i>), a game bird species with isolated populations of conservation interest.

Open research Europe·2026

Same author

ERGA-BGE reference genome of <i>Gambusia holbrooki</i>, a globally invasive freshwater fish.

Open research Europe·2026

Same author

Truffle fruiting occurs in chemically and microbially distinct soil niches.

Microbiological research·2026

Same author

Fingers for Signaling? A Possible Role of Stromules in Intracellular Communication.

Plant physiology·2026

Same author

Chromosome-level genomes of scleractinian corals: gene prediction and functional annotation.

Scientific data·2026

Same author

Integrating Multivariate Analysis and DNA Barcoding for Amaranth Germplasm Characterization and Promising Genotype Selection.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Modeling and analysis of forward and inverse kinematics for a flexible Stewart platform.

PloS one·2026

Same journal

Barriers and facilitators to healthcare utilization amongst people living with sickle cell disease in the United States: A scoping review.

PloS one·2026

Same journal

Enhancing data completeness in time series: Imputation strategies for missing data using significant periodically correlated components.

PloS one·2026

Same journal

Key targets and mechanisms by which gut microbiota-derived metabolites regulate Alzheimer's disease through the immune - inflammatory pathway: Based on network pharmacology and molecular docking.

PloS one·2026

Same journal

Grid-tied Transformer-less Boost Switched Capacitor Topology (TLBSCT) for PV applications.

PloS one·2026

Same journal

The load-velocity profiles and exercise-specific velocity zones for seven commonly used weightlifting exercises.

PloS one·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

HPLC Coupled with Chemical Fingerprinting for Multi-Pattern Recognition for Identifying the Authenticity of Clematidis Armandii Caulis

HPLC Coupled with Chemical Fingerprinting for Multi-Pattern Recognition for Identifying the Authenticity of Clematidis Armandii Caulis

Published on: November 11, 2022

Product authenticity versus globalisation-The Tulsi case.

Gabriele Jürges¹, Vaidurya Sahi¹, Daniela Rios Rodriguez¹

¹Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany.

|November 27, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic analysis of Tulsi (Holy Basil) reveals distinct genetic profiles for Rama, Krishna, and Vana varieties. This genetic variation correlates with chemical differences and enables the development of a DNA-based authentication assay.

More Related Videos

A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences

A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences

Published on: September 4, 2019

Species Determination and Quantitation in Mixtures Using MRM Mass Spectrometry of Peptides Applied to Meat Authentication

Species Determination and Quantitation in Mixtures Using MRM Mass Spectrometry of Peptides Applied to Meat Authentication

Published on: September 20, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 2, 2026

HPLC Coupled with Chemical Fingerprinting for Multi-Pattern Recognition for Identifying the Authenticity of Clematidis Armandii Caulis

HPLC Coupled with Chemical Fingerprinting for Multi-Pattern Recognition for Identifying the Authenticity of Clematidis Armandii Caulis

Published on: November 11, 2022

A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences

A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences

Published on: September 4, 2019

Species Determination and Quantitation in Mixtures Using MRM Mass Spectrometry of Peptides Applied to Meat Authentication

Species Determination and Quantitation in Mixtures Using MRM Mass Spectrometry of Peptides Applied to Meat Authentication

Published on: September 20, 2016

Area of Science:

Plant genetics
Phytochemistry
Medicinal botany

Background:

Vernacular names for medicinal plants like Tulsi (Holy Basil) often lack clear scientific classification.
Understanding the genetic basis of chemical diversity in medicinal plants is crucial for quality control and therapeutic consistency.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the genetic basis of Tulsi's (Holy Basil) chemical diversity.
To determine if genetic markers can differentiate between vernacular Tulsi types (Rama, Krishna, Vana).
To develop a genetic authentication method for Tulsi varieties.

Main Methods:

Analysis of four plastidic DNA markers to define haplotypes within the Ocimum genus.
Comparison of genetic profiles with vernacular classifications (Rama, Krishna, Vana Tulsi).
Assessment of secondary compound profiles in relation to genetic types.
Development of a DNA barcoding assay using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for authentication.

Main Results:

Four plastidic markers identified distinct haplotypes within Ocimum.
Haplotype II corresponded to Ocimum tenuiflorum (Rama and Krishna Tulsi), while Haplotype I encompassed other species (Vana Tulsi).
Genetic differences were associated with variations in secondary compound profiles.
A successful authentication assay was developed to differentiate Vana Tulsi.

Conclusions:

Genetic variation partially explains the vernacular classification and chemical diversity of Tulsi (Holy Basil).
DNA barcoding provides a reliable method for authenticating different Tulsi varieties.
This research supports the standardization of medicinal plant resources.