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Genome size evolution in Drosophilidae is largely neutral for males and females, following phylogenetic relatedness. However, differences between sexes evolve dynamically, increasing over time due to sex chromosome differentiation.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics
  • Comparative Phylogenetics

Background:

  • Genome size varies significantly across species, but the drivers of this variation, particularly sex chromosome influence, remain unclear.
  • Previous studies have assessed genome size variation between species and within sexes, but not specifically the evolutionary dynamics driven by sex chromosome differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mode and tempo of genome size evolution in Drosophilidae (fruit flies).
  • To determine the extent to which genome size variation is driven by differentiation in sex chromosomes.
  • To compare genome size evolution within sexes and the evolution of differences between sexes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of genome size evolution across 87 Drosophilidae species.
  • Estimation and updating of male genome size for 44 species.
  • Application of comparative phylogenetic methods to analyze genome size evolution and sex-specific differences.

Main Results:

  • Male and female genome size evolution appears to be a largely neutral process, correlating with phylogenetic relatedness, supporting the accordion model.
  • The genome size difference between sexes, driven by heteromorphic sex chromosomes, is a dynamic evolutionary process.
  • This male-female genome size difference increases over time, irrespective of Y chromosome events like neo-Y formation or Y loss.

Conclusions:

  • Genome size evolution in Drosophilidae is influenced by phylogenetic history for both sexes.
  • Sex chromosome differentiation is a key driver of dynamic genome size divergence between males and females.
  • The observed rapid changes in sex-specific genome size differences align with theoretical predictions and known chromosomal events.