Occurrence and exposure assessment of bisphenol analogues in source water and drinking water in China

Bisphenol analogues (BPs) are widely used in the production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. In recent years, the demand and production capacity of BPs are growing rapidly in China. However, knowledge on the occurrence of BPs other than bisphenol A (BPA) in the aquatic environment, especially in source and drinking water, is still limited. In this study, occurrence of 16 BPs, which have been used in various industrial applications, was investigated in source and drinking water from twenty drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) across China. In source water, BPA, bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol E (BPE), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS) were detected at the following concentration ranges: BPA (n.d.-34.9 ng/L), BPAF (n.d.-10.8 ng/L), BPB (n.d.-14.3 ng/L), BPE (n.d.-6.2 ng/L), BPF (n.d.-12.6 ng/L), and BPS (n.d.-5.2 ng/L). In drinking water BPA, BPAF, BPB, BPE, BPF, and BPS were detected as follows: BPA (n.d. - 6.5 ng/L), BPAF (n.d.-4.7 ng/L), BPB (n.d.-3.2 ng/L), BPE (n.d.-0.6 ng/L), BPF (n.d.-0.9 ng/L), and BPS (n.d.-1.6 ng/L). In addition, to assess the exposure of BPs through drinking water consumption, the estimated daily intake of each detected BPs was calculated. The estimated daily intake (EDIs) was below 0.25 ng/kg bw/day for each detected BPs, much lower than the tentative oral reference dose (RfD) values for BPA (4 μg/kg bw/day) recommended by the European Food Safety Authority.