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Related Concept Videos

What is Homeostasis?01:16

What is Homeostasis?

54.9K
Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, from body temperature to blood pressure to levels of certain nutrients. A set point is the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates. A normal range is a restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable. For example, the set point for normal human body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F).
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pH Homeostasis01:31

pH Homeostasis

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Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because it is critical for the optimal activity of enzymes involved in metabolic reactions. Enzymes are basically proteins, so, any significant change in pH can affect their structure and activity. In humans, pH is regulated using three primary mechanisms— chemical buffer systems, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation.
Respiratory...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

2.5K
The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
2.5K
Focusing of Light in the Eye01:16

Focusing of Light in the Eye

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Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Quantitating Iron Transport Across the Mouse Placenta In Vivo Using Nonradioactive Iron Isotopes
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Quantitating Iron Transport Across the Mouse Placenta In Vivo Using Nonradioactive Iron Isotopes

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Brain Iron Homeostasis: A Focus on Microglial Iron.

Israel C Nnah1, Marianne Wessling-Resnick2

  • 1Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. innah@hsph.harvard.edu.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Brain iron accumulation exacerbates neuroinflammation, a key factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding microglial iron metabolism is crucial for developing new AD treatments.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseasecytokinesneurodegenerationneuroimmune responsesneuroinflammation

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Last Updated: Feb 2, 2026

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Measurement of Tissue Non-Heme Iron Content using a Bathophenanthroline-Based Colorimetric Assay
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Assessing Iron Deposition in the Brains of 5xFAD Mice by Perls'/DAB Staining
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurobiology
  • Neuroinflammation

Background:

  • Iron is vital for brain function, including neurotransmitter synthesis and synaptic plasticity.
  • Imbalances in brain iron homeostasis are linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Microglia activation and chronic neuroinflammation are hallmarks of neurodegeneration, often associated with increased brain iron.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the mechanisms of microglial iron transport and metabolism.
  • To investigate the link between brain iron accumulation and microglial inflammatory responses in AD.
  • To clarify the role of intracellular iron in microglial function under normal and pathological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on brain iron metabolism and microglial function.
  • Analysis of current understanding of molecular cues guiding microglial inflammatory responses.
  • Focus on emerging mechanisms in microglial iron handling relevant to AD.

Main Results:

  • Iron accumulation in the brain is increasingly recognized as a factor in neuroinflammation.
  • Microglial cells play a central role in brain iron homeostasis and inflammatory processes.
  • The precise mechanisms by which iron influences microglial activation and inflammatory signaling require further elucidation.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding microglial iron metabolism is critical for unraveling neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis.
  • Further research into iron-mediated microglial responses may reveal novel therapeutic targets for AD.
  • Clarifying how microglia manage iron is essential for comprehending their function in health and disease.