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Related Concept Videos

Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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Erwin Chargaff’s rules on DNA equivalence paved the way for the discovery of base pairing in DNA. Chargaff’s rules state that in a double-stranded DNA molecule,
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The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection
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A High-Birefringence Microfiber Sagnac-Interferometer Biosensor Based on the Vernier Effect.

Xue-Zhou Wang1, Qi Wang2

  • 1College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China. wangxuezhou@stumail.neu.edu.cn.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a highly sensitive biosensor using a Sagnac interferometer and the Vernier effect (VE). The novel design enhances sensitivity for detecting biomolecules like bovine serum albumin (BSA).

Keywords:
Sagnac interferometerVernier effectbiosensormicrofiber

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics
  • Biosensing
  • Nanomaterials

Background:

  • Sagnac interferometers offer label-free detection capabilities.
  • The Vernier effect (VE) can enhance sensor sensitivity.
  • Graphene oxide (GO) possesses excellent biocompatibility and a large surface area for biomolecule adsorption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a high-sensitivity Sagnac-interferometer biosensor based on the Vernier effect (VE).
  • To enhance sensitivity by employing cascaded Sagnac interferometers and graphene oxide (GO).
  • To detect bovine serum albumin (BSA) for potential diagnostic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a cascaded Sagnac interferometer biosensor using high-birefringence microfiber.
  • Coating the sensing channel with graphene oxide (GO) via electrostatic adsorption.
  • Theoretical analysis and experimental verification of sensor performance.

Main Results:

  • The proposed sensor achieved a refractive index sensitivity of 2429 nm/RIU, over five times higher than single Sagnac loop sensors.
  • The sensitivity for detecting bovine serum albumin (BSA) reached 9.097 nm/(mg×mL⁻¹).
  • Experimental results closely matched theoretical simulations.

Conclusions:

  • The cascaded Sagnac interferometer biosensor based on VE demonstrates significantly enhanced sensitivity.
  • Graphene oxide coating improves biomolecule adsorption and detection capabilities.
  • The developed biosensor shows promise for sensitive and specific detection of biomarkers.