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Primary Active Transport01:47

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia
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Primary hyperparathyroidism.

Barbara C Silva1, Natalie E Cusano2, John P Bilezikian3

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Felicio Rocho and Santa Casa Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|November 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) presents in three main ways, often in postmenopausal women. Management strategies, including surgery and medication, are available for all forms of PHPT.

Keywords:
bisphosphonatescalcimimeticsnormocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidismparathyroidectomyprimary hyperparathyroidismvitamin D

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Bone Disease

Background:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is the most common cause of hypercalcemia.
  • It typically affects postmenopausal women with elevated or inappropriately normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse clinical presentations of PHPT.
  • To emphasize recent advancements in understanding target organ involvement and management strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on PHPT presentations.
  • Analysis of factors influencing clinical phenotype prevalence (screening, vitamin D deficiency, PTH testing).

Main Results:

  • PHPT exhibits three phenotypes: target organ involvement (renal, skeletal), asymptomatic hypercalcemia, and normocalcemic PHPT.
  • Clinical presentation varies by country based on screening practices and vitamin D status.

Conclusions:

  • Surgical guidelines apply to all PHPT forms; parathyroidectomy is an option if surgery is indicated and feasible.
  • Pharmacological treatments are effective when surgery is not an option for managing serum calcium or bone density concerns.