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Crown Ethers02:36

Crown Ethers

6.1K
Crown ethers are cyclic polyethers that contain multiple oxygen atoms, usually arranged in a regular pattern. The first crown ether was synthesized by Charles Pederson while working at DuPont in 1967. For this work, Pedersen was co-awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Crown ethers are named using the formula x-crown-y, where x is the total number of atoms in the ring and y is the number of ether oxygen atoms. The term 'crown' refers to the crown-like shape that these ether molecules...
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Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
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Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

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Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
Compared to the gated ion channels, the non-gated channels, also known as leakage or passive channels, have no gating mechanism....
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Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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Ligand-gated Ion Channels01:19

Ligand-gated Ion Channels

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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins with a channel for ions to pass through and a binding site for a ligand. The channel opens only when a ligand attaches to the binding site.
Three Subfamilies of Ligand-gated Ion Channels
Ligand-gated ion channels fall into three subfamilies. The 'Cys-loop' includes the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. The second one is the 'Pore-loop' channels that...
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G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
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Multifunctional, Micropipette-based Method for Incorporation And Stimulation of Bacterial Mechanosensitive Ion Channels in Droplet Interface Bilayers
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Highly mechanosensitive ion channels from graphene-embedded crown ethers.

A Fang1, K Kroenlein1, D Riccardi1

  • 1Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.

Nature Materials
|November 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Graphene ion channels show exponential strain sensitivity, enabling precise control over ion flow. This breakthrough offers new possibilities for nanofluidic devices and strain-tunable sieving in complex salt mixtures.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Ionic permeation through nanoscale pores is crucial for applications like nanofluidic computing and drug delivery.
  • Controlling ion transport at the nanoscale is a key challenge in developing advanced materials and devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate graphene-based ion channels with high sensitivity to external lattice strain.
  • To investigate the effect of tensile lattice strain on ion permeation through graphene-embedded crown ether pores.

Main Methods:

  • Extensive room-temperature molecular dynamics simulations were performed.
  • The study focused on graphene-embedded crown ether pores and their response to tensile lattice strain.

Main Results:

  • Graphene ion channels exhibited an exponential permeation sensitivity to strain, with a 2% strain causing an order of magnitude ion current increase.
  • Both isotropic and anisotropic strains were shown to effectively tune ion permeation.
  • Strain-controllable ion sieving was demonstrated in salt mixtures.

Conclusions:

  • Graphene-based ion channels offer unprecedented mechanosensitivity for precise ion transport control.
  • Strain-induced modulation of ion-crown and ion-solvent interactions, facilitated by graphene's atomic thinness, underlies the observed high mechanosensitivity.
  • This work opens avenues for novel strain-responsive nanofluidic devices and separation technologies.