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Self-Experiments with Psychoactive Substances: A Historical Perspective.

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  • 1Senckenberg Institute for History and Ethics in Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany. dr.passie@gmx.de.

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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists have a long history of self-experimenting with psychoactive substances, exploring complex drug effects. Ethical concerns have shifted focus from controlled to "wild" self-experiments, particularly with new substances.

Keywords:
CannabisCocaineDissociative hallucinogensEntactogensHallucinogensHistory of drug useNitrous oxidePsychoactive substancesSelf-experiments

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience and Pharmacology
  • History of Science
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Self-experiments (SEs) with psychoactive substances have a tradition spanning over a century.
  • Historically, scientifically inspired controlled SEs were prevalent.
  • Ethical considerations have led to a decline in controlled SEs and a rise in "wild" SEs, especially with novel psychoactive substances.

Observation:

  • The emergence of new psychoactive substances has coincided with an increase in "wild" SEs.
  • SEs predominantly involve substances with complex psychoactive effects (e.g., hallucinogens, entactogens) that alter perception and consciousness.
  • Substances with simpler effects (e.g., cocaine, opioids, benzodiazepines) are rarely the subject of SEs.

Findings:

  • Self-experimenters are categorized as "exploratory," seeking insight, or "compensatory," attempting to manage personal deficits or symptoms.
  • While SEs offer rich subjective descriptions, they have limitations compared to controlled trials in establishing objective, average effects.
  • Adverse effects of SEs include compromised objectivity, addiction, isolation, and social difficulties.

Implications:

  • Understanding the motivations and outcomes of SEs provides unique insights into subjective drug experiences.
  • The shift towards "wild" SEs highlights evolving research methodologies and ethical landscapes in psychopharmacology.
  • Recognizing the limitations and risks of SEs is crucial for both researchers and participants.