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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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In designing and analyzing filters, resonant circuits, or circuit analysis at large, working with standard element values like 1 ohm, 1 henry, or 1 farad can be convenient before scaling these values to more realistic figures. This approach is widely utilized by not employing realistic element values in numerous examples and problems; it simplifies mastering circuit analysis through convenient component values. The complexity of calculations is thereby reduced, with the understanding that...
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Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases with temperature for most substances. This property is the basis for the common alcohol thermometer and the original mercury thermometers. Other properties used to measure temperature include electrical resistance, color, and the emission of infrared radiation.
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The definition of temperature in terms of molecular motion suggests that there should be a lowest possible temperature, where the average kinetic energy of molecules is zero (or the minimum allowed by quantum mechanics). Experiments confirm the existence of such a temperature, called absolute zero. An absolute temperature scale is one whose zero point is absolute zero. Such scales are convenient in science because several physical quantities, such as the volume of an ideal gas, are directly...
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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Microfluidic Dry-spinning and Characterization of Regenerated Silk Fibroin Fibers
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Wafer-Scale Multilayer Fabrication for Silk Fibroin-Based Microelectronics.

Geon Kook1, Sohyeon Jeong2,3, So Hyun Kim2,4

  • 1School of Electrical Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|November 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new Aluminum Hard Mask on Silk Fibroin (AMoS) process enables wafer-scale multilayer micropatterning of silk fibroin and metal layers for biomedical devices. This breakthrough offers high precision, scalability, and cost-effectiveness for implantable electronics.

Keywords:
UV photolithographymultilayer patterningsilk fibroinsilk fibroin electronicswafer-scale fabrication

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Nanofabrication
  • Biomedical Devices

Background:

  • Silk fibroin offers excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability for implantable devices.
  • Existing patterning methods struggle with multilayer fabrication of silk fibroin interleaved with metals.
  • Wafer-scale multilayer microfabrication of silk fibroin and inorganic materials presents a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel wafer-scale multilayer microfabrication process for silk fibroin and inorganic materials.
  • To enable high-precision microscale alignment in multilayer structures.
  • To demonstrate the fabrication of functional microelectronic and drug delivery devices using silk fibroin.

Main Methods:

  • A new process named Aluminum Hard Mask on Silk Fibroin (AMoS) was developed.
  • Conventional ultraviolet (UV) photolithography was used to pattern an aluminum layer on silk fibroin.
  • The patterned aluminum layer served as a mask for subsequent silk fibroin patterning.

Main Results:

  • The AMoS process successfully achieved wafer-scale multilayer micropatterning of silk fibroin and metal layers with high precision.
  • Demonstrated fabrication of diverse fibroin microstructures, passive electronic components, and drug delivery systems.
  • Verified biocompatibility of the AMoS process using primary neuron cultures.

Conclusions:

  • The AMoS process is the first to enable wafer-scale multilayer fabrication of both silk fibroin and metal micropatterns.
  • This method offers high resolution, scalability, cost-effectiveness, and avoids protein modification.
  • The AMoS process is a promising platform for batch fabrication of advanced fibroin-based microelectronics for next-generation implantable biomedical applications.