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Related Concept Videos

Aging01:26

Aging

705
Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
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The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
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Methods to Study Changes in Inherent Protein Aggregation with Age in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Aging.

Stephen R Lord1, Kim Delbaere1, Daina L Sturnieks1

  • 1Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|November 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aging impairs balance and gait control through changes in sensory, neuromuscular, and cognitive systems. Interventions targeting these specific impairments, like exercise, can improve balance and reduce fall risk in older adults.

Keywords:
agingbalanceexecutive functioninggaitmuscle strengthreaction timesensationvision

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neuroscience
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Age-related declines in sensory, neuromuscular, and cognitive functions significantly impact balance and gait control.
  • Multiple impairments across these systems substantially increase fall risk in older populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review age-related anatomic and functional changes affecting balance and gait.
  • To examine peripheral system changes (sensation, vision, vestibular, strength, power) and central factors (processing speed, executive functioning).
  • To evaluate the efficacy of interventions in improving balance and reducing falls.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of studies on age-related changes in sensory, neuromuscular, and cognitive systems.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to impaired balance and gait control.
  • Evaluation of evidence for interventions targeting specific impairments.

Main Results:

  • Impairments in lower-limb sensation, visual functions, vestibular sense, muscle strength/power, processing speed, and executive functioning are linked to poor balance and gait.
  • The risk of falls escalates with the number of present impairments.
  • Interventions addressing specific sensory and neuromuscular deficits show promise in enhancing balance and mobility.

Conclusions:

  • Age-related declines in multiple systems contribute to balance and gait deficits and increase fall risk.
  • Task-specific exercise interventions are effective in improving muscle strength, balance, gait, and mobility, thereby preventing falls in older adults.