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Cerebral Hemispheres

Cerebral Hemispheres

The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...

What is a Sensory System?

What is a Sensory System?

Sensory systems detect stimuli—such as light and sound waves—and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system. In addition to external stimuli detected by the senses, some sensory systems detect internal stimuli—such as the proprioceptors in muscles and tendons that send feedback about limb position.

Hearing

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Potential of Massage Therapy in Cerebral Palsy Using Animal Models

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Potential of Massage Therapy in Cerebral Palsy Using Animal Models

Published on: August 11, 2023

Cerebral palsy.

Prue Morgan¹, Jennifer L McGinley²

¹Physiotherapy Department, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, VIC, Australia.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

|November 29, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Adults with cerebral palsy (CP) may improve balance and mobility with exercise. However, research is needed to determine if exercise programs reduce falls in this population.

Keywords:

balance cerebral palsy falls gait mobility

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Physical Therapy
Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a lifelong motor disorder resulting from early brain damage.
Individuals with CP often face challenges in muscle coordination, sensory processing, and functional mobility, frequently complicated by spasticity and musculoskeletal issues.
While many with CP walk independently in adulthood, they often experience progressive balance and mobility decline, increased falls, and premature aging.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the potential benefits of individualized exercise programs for enhancing functional balance and mobility in ambulatory adults with CP.
To investigate whether these exercise interventions can lead to a reduction in fall incidence within this demographic.
To highlight the need for fall risk factor assessment and prevention strategies due to high injury rates from falls in adults with CP.

Main Methods:

Review of existing evidence on the effects of individualized exercise programs on functional balance and mobility in ambulatory adults with CP.
Analysis of the impact of such programs on fall rates and fall efficacy.
Identification of key fall risk factors and the necessity for targeted prevention strategies.

Main Results:

Evidence suggests that individualized exercise programs of adequate duration and intensity can improve functional balance and mobility in ambulatory adults with CP.
The effect of these exercise programs on reducing falls in this population remains undetermined.
Falls are a significant concern for adults with CP, leading to injuries and psychosocial consequences.

Conclusions:

Individualized exercise programs show promise for improving balance and mobility in adults with cerebral palsy.
Further research is crucial to establish the efficacy of exercise interventions in reducing falls among adults with CP.
Implementing fall risk assessments and basic prevention strategies is essential for this vulnerable population.