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Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

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Postconcussion syndrome.

Brigid Dwyer¹, Douglas I Katz¹

¹Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

|November 29, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Postconcussion syndrome (PCS) involves persistent somatic, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. Early and late phases are identified, with late-phase PCS influenced by psychosocial factors and requiring targeted treatment.

Keywords:

concussion mild traumatic brain injury persistent postconcussion syndrome postconcussion syndrome postconcussive disorder prolonged postconcussion syndrome

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Sports Medicine
Psychiatry

Background:

Postconcussion syndrome (PCS) presents a complex challenge due to its heterogeneous nature and diagnostic variability.
While most concussion symptoms resolve within weeks, a subset of individuals experience prolonged symptoms impacting multiple domains.

Purpose of the Study:

To delineate the distinct early- and late-phase clinical consequences of concussion.
To identify risk factors for the development of persistent postconcussion symptoms.
To outline a structured approach for the differential diagnosis and management of postconcussion disorders.

Main Methods:

Conceptualization of concussion sequelae into early- and late-phase posttraumatic disorders.
Identification of risk factors associated with late-phase symptom development.
Emphasis on differential diagnosis and sequential management of treatable symptoms.

Main Results:

Concussion's clinical effects can be categorized into acute (early-phase) and persistent (late-phase) disorders.
Late-phase PCS is influenced by psychosocial factors and is less specific to the brain injury.
Risk factors include high early symptom burden, prior concussions, psychiatric history, and longer initial impairment.

Conclusions:

Effective management of postconcussion syndrome necessitates a comprehensive differential diagnosis.
A hierarchical, sequential treatment approach addressing specific symptoms like depression, anxiety, and pain is crucial.
Aerobic exercise is a recommended intervention for both early- and late-phase postconcussion disorders.