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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Fischer Projections02:18

Fischer Projections

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Learning to draw Fischer projections of molecules and understanding their relevance plays a crucial role in the visual depiction of organic molecules. A Fischer projection is a two-dimensional projection on a planar surface to simplify the three-dimensional wedge–dash representation of molecules. This is especially helpful in the case of molecules with multiple chiral centers that can be difficult to draw. Here, all the bonds of interest are represented as horizontal or vertical lines. While...
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Newman Projections02:06

Newman Projections

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Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
The organic molecules rotate across the single bonds leading to numerous temporary three-dimensional structures of varying energy known as...
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5-Number Summary01:04

5-Number Summary

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In a dataset, the 5-number summary includes the minimum data value, the data value of the first quartile, the median data value or data value of the second quartile, the data value of the third quartile, and the maximum data value. These 5 data values can be visualized as a box and whisker plot.
In a box plot, the minimum and maximum data values represent the lower and upper whiskers in the graph, and the median is designated as the center of the box in the chart. The first quartile and third...
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Maturation of Endosomes01:28

Maturation of Endosomes

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The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
Changes in location
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Visualization of the Axonal Projection Pattern of Embryonic Motor Neurons in Drosophila
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Visualization of the Axonal Projection Pattern of Embryonic Motor Neurons in Drosophila

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Transcriptome Profiling of Layer 5 Intratelencephalic Projection Neurons From the Mature Mouse Motor Cortex.

Alison J Clare1,2,3, Robert C Day1,3, Ruth M Empson2,4

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
|November 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified distinct molecular profiles for two pyramidal neuron types in the motor cortex. This study reveals unique gene enrichments, including calcium-binding genes in one type and microglial genes in another, aiding understanding of healthy brain circuits.

Keywords:
FACSFezf2IT-PNsM1low-input RNA-seq

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Efficient Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Motor Neurons

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 2, 2026

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Visualization of the Axonal Projection Pattern of Embryonic Motor Neurons in Drosophila

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The mature cortex features diverse pyramidal projection neurons (PNs) crucial for forebrain function.
  • Understanding neuronal complexity is essential for characterizing a healthy cortex.
  • Previous work distinguished Fezf2-positive (Fezf2+ve) and Fezf2-negative (Fezf2-ve) intratelencephalic-PNs (IT-PNs) in layer 5 of the motor cortex (M1) based on distinct electrophysiology and dendritic morphology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular underpinnings differentiating Fezf2+ve and Fezf2-ve IT-PNs.
  • To profile the transcriptomes of these distinct IT-PN subtypes in the mature M1.
  • To identify novel molecular markers associated with these neuronal populations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a Fezf2-GFP reporter mouse model for precise cell identification.
  • Employed retrograde labeling and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate specific neuronal populations.
  • Applied low-input RNA-sequencing for transcriptome profiling of isolated mature Fezf2+ve and Fezf2-ve IT-PNs.

Main Results:

  • Identified 81 significantly enriched genes in Fezf2+ve IT-PNs and 119 in Fezf2-ve IT-PNs.
  • Term enrichment analysis revealed significant overrepresentation of calcium-binding EF-hand domain genes in Fezf2+ve IT-PNs, suggesting a role in calcium handling.
  • Discovered an unexpected and unique enrichment of microglial-associated genes within the Fezf2-ve IT-PNs.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully identified distinct molecular profiles for two IT-PN subtypes in the mature M1.
  • These findings provide crucial molecular targets for investigating the maintenance of these neuronal types in the healthy adult brain.
  • The unique gene enrichments offer new avenues for understanding functional specializations within cortical circuits.