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The Direct Testing Effect Is Pervasive in Action Memory: Analyses of Recall Accuracy and Recall Speed.

Veit Kubik1,2, Fredrik U Jönsson1, Monika Knopf3

  • 1Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.

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Summary

Retrieval practice, or testing, improves memory recall accuracy and speed for action events more than restudying. This testing effect enhances long-term retention and is generalizable across different encoding and testing methods.

Keywords:
action memorydirect testing effectdistribution-based bifurcation modelenactmentrecall speed

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Educational Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Successful memory retrieval is a desirable learning event.
  • Retrieval practice reduces recall decrement over longer delays more than restudying.
  • The direct testing effect has been studied for simple materials, but less so for complex action events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct testing effect for performed and read action events.
  • To examine the impact of retrieval practice on both recall accuracy and recall speed.
  • To assess the generalizability of the testing effect across different encoding and testing methods.

Main Methods:

  • Participants encoded action phrases by enacting or reading them aloud.
  • Action phrases were then restudied or retrieval-practiced.
  • Recall accuracy and speed were tested after short (2 min) and long delays (1-2 weeks).

Main Results:

  • Repeated retrieval practice enhanced recall accuracy and speed compared to restudying or study-only practice.
  • Retrieval practice reduced the recall decrement over long delays.
  • The benefits of testing on long-term retention emerged with longer recall delays and varied test materials.

Conclusions:

  • The direct testing effect is generalizable to complex, action-oriented materials and various encoding manipulations.
  • Retrieval practice offers significant benefits for memory recall accuracy and speed.
  • The findings support the distribution-based bifurcation model of memory.