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Electrolytes are essential minerals and ions primarily obtained from the diet and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Most electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine. While the absorption of iron and calcium primarily occurs in the duodenum, calcium is also absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. In these regions, passive diffusion contributes to its absorption alongside active transport mechanisms in the duodenum. These ions can exit the enterocytes through specialized active...
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Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment01:17

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Renal dysfunction significantly impairs the renal clearance of drugs, leading to potential complications in drug therapy. Renal failure, which can be caused by various factors, poses a significant challenge in the elimination of drugs from the body.
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
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Oral anticoagulants are vital tools in preventing and treating blood clotting disorders. This diverse class of medications can be categorized as vitamin K antagonists, exemplified by warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), such as dabigatran, as well as factor Xa inhibitors, including rivaroxaban.
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PLGA Nanoparticles Formed by Single- or Double-emulsion with Vitamin E-TPGS
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Impaired vitamin D sensitivity.

L Máčová1, M Bičíková, R Hampl

  • 1Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic. rhampl@endo.cz.

Physiological Research
|November 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vitamin D resistance, including rickets, stems from vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene mutations. Understanding VDR

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Vitamin D resistance, historically linked to rickets, arises from mutations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene.
  • Emerging research highlights vitamin D's extra-skeletal roles and the molecular pathways of calcitriol, revealing additional causes of impaired vitamin D sensitivity.
  • Calcitriol interacts with VDR via genomic and non-genomic pathways, with VDR located in cell nuclei and perinuclear spaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying vitamin D sensitivity.
  • To explore the genomic and non-genomic actions of calcitriol through the vitamin D receptor.
  • To identify genetic factors contributing to vitamin D resistance and related disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene mutations.
  • Investigation of calcitriol's genomic and non-genomic signaling pathways.
  • Examination of nuclear transcription factor interactions with VDR and DNA responsive elements.

Main Results:

  • The vitamin D receptor (VDR) binds to DNA responsive elements with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) to regulate gene expression.
  • VDR gene expression is autoregulated by its ligand, calcitriol.
  • Responsive elements are found throughout the gene DNA, not just in the promoter region, involving complex interactions with transcription factors.

Conclusions:

  • Impaired vitamin D sensitivity results from VDR gene mutations and complex molecular interactions.
  • Understanding the interplay of transcription factors with VDR and DNA is crucial for deciphering vitamin D resistance.
  • Further research into these mechanisms can illuminate the causes of major disorders associated with vitamin D dysfunction.