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Related Concept Videos

Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry01:12

Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry

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Higher molecular weight biomolecules are nonvolatile compounds that may decompose before ionizing or vaporizing during mass analysis with conventional electron impact ionization methods. Accordingly, electrospray ionization (ESI) is the favored method for vaporizing and ionizing biomolecules as it circumvents rapid fragmentation and enables the recording of mass signals for the entire biomolecule.
ESI utilizes electrical energy to transfer ions from the liquid phase of the sample into the...
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Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry01:21

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

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The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...
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Ionization Energy03:12

Ionization Energy

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The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:
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Mass Spectrometry: Overview01:19

Mass Spectrometry: Overview

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Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique used to determine the molecular mass and molecular formula of a compound. The basic principle of mass spectrometry is to generate ions from the analyte molecule and measure these ion abundances against their molecular mass. One common type of ionization, known as electron ionization or EI, bombards the analyte molecules in the gas phase with high-energy electron beams. The electron beams displace an electron from the molecule and leave behind a...
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Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

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Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...
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Mass Spectrometry of Amines01:15

Mass Spectrometry of Amines

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In mass spectroscopy, amines undergo fragmentation to give parent ions with odd molecule weights. This observed mass spectrum follows the nitrogen rule; a molecule with an odd number of nitrogen atoms produces a molecular ion with an odd molecular weight. Amines undergo fragmentation through α cleavage, producing nitrogen-containing cations—iminium ions—and alkyl radicals. Mass spectra of aromatic and cyclic aliphatic amines exhibit strong molecular ion peaks, but acyclic...
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Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Sample Preparation for Probe Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
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Achieving Stable Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Detection from Microfluidic Chips.

Iulia M Lazar1

  • 1Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA. malazar@vt.edu.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This chapter details a protocol for stable electrospray ionization (ESI) from microfluidic chips, crucial for sensitive mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of biological molecules after capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation.

Keywords:
Electrospray ionizationMass spectrometryMicrofluidicsSignal stability

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Area of Science:

  • Bioanalytical Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Mass Spectrometry

Background:

  • Microfluidic devices have advanced significantly as bioanalytical platforms for analyzing biological molecules.
  • Integrating mass spectrometry (MS) detection with microfluidic devices requires effective ionization interfaces.
  • Electrospray ionization (ESI) is vital for analyzing large biomolecules like proteins and peptides.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a detailed protocol for generating stable and efficient electrospray ionization (ESI) from microfluidic chips.
  • To address the challenges of achieving consistent ESI for sensitive MS detection from microfabricated platforms.
  • To optimize ESI for coupling with capillary electrophoresis (CE) separations prior to MS analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Development of chip-based ionization interfaces for microfluidic devices.
  • Focus on nano-separation techniques compatible with microfluidic platforms.
  • Step-by-step protocol for producing stable electrospray sample ionization.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of a protocol enabling stable ESI from microfluidic chips.
  • Improved efficiency in generating electrospray for MS detection.
  • Facilitation of sensitive MS detection for biomolecule analysis.

Conclusions:

  • The developed protocol enables reliable and efficient electrospray ionization from microfluidic chips.
  • This advancement is critical for sensitive analysis of large biological molecules using mass spectrometry.
  • The protocol supports the integration of microfluidic separation techniques with MS detection.