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Related Concept Videos

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Dual Nature of Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation01:10

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Electromagnetic (EM) radiation consists of electric and magnetic field components oscillating in planes perpendicular to each other and mutually perpendicular to radiation propagation through space. EM radiation can be classified as a wave, characterized by the properties of waves such as wavelength (denoted as λ) and frequency (represented by ν).
Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive peaks (the highest point) or troughs (the lowest point) in the wave. Frequency is the number of...
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

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Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

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Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
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Photosystem I01:27

Photosystem I

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Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
Both these photosystems work in concert. An excited electron from PSII is relayed to PSI via an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, which is comprised of the carrier molecule plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As electrons move between PSII and PSI, they lose energy and must be re-energized...
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Amino acids03:42

Amino acids

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Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
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Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition
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Dual-use nano-neurotechnology.

Kathryn Nixdorff1, Tatiana Borisova2, Serhiy Komisarenko3

  • 11Darmstadt University of Technology.

Politics and the Life Sciences : the Journal of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences
|November 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Advancements in nanotechnology and neuroscience pose dual-use risks to the chemical and biological nonproliferation regime. Understanding these scientific developments is crucial for preventing the reemergence of chemical weapons.

Keywords:
Nano-neurotechnologybiochemical securityneuronal circuitsneurotoxicitytargeted delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Dual-use science and technology impacting nonproliferation.
  • Nanotechnology, neuroscience, and central nervous system (CNS) targeting.
  • Potential for hostile use of advanced scientific knowledge.

Background:

  • The chemical and biological nonproliferation regime faces significant challenges.
  • Uncertainty surrounds the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention post-2016.
  • The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) shifts focus to preventing reemergence amid global instability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Assess the near-term (5-10 years) state and impact of dual-use science and technology.
  • Examine nanotechnology for targeted CNS agent delivery.
  • Evaluate nanomaterial effects on CNS synaptic functions and brain neuronal circuits.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of current scientific literature on nanotechnology and neuroscience.
  • Assessment of dual-use potential in CNS targeting technologies.
  • Evaluation of implications for nonproliferation treaties and security.

Main Results:

  • Nanotechnology enables precise delivery of agents to the CNS.
  • Nanomaterials can directly impact synaptic functions and neuronal circuits.
  • These advancements present potential risks for nonlethal incapacitating agent development.

Conclusions:

  • Scientific progress in CNS targeting necessitates adaptation of nonproliferation strategies.
  • Findings are relevant for the CWC Review Conference and long-term regime stability.
  • Proactive assessment of dual-use technologies is critical for global security.