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Autonomic Nervous System01:22

Autonomic Nervous System

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a critical component of the peripheral nervous system, primarily responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. It functions in tandem with the central nervous system (CNS) to seamlessly coordinate various physiological processes without the need for conscious control.
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The human nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS contains nerve cells, clusters of nerve cells, and the sensory receptors that are outside the CNS. The PNS has two types of nerve cells: sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent). Sensory cells send signals to the CNS from receptors, and motor cells carry signals from the CNS to organs, muscles, and...
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Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
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Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

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Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating...
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Ganglionic blockers inhibit autonomic activity by blocking nicotinic receptors in the autonomic ganglia, suppressing impulse transmission. These blockers lack selectivity between sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and are ineffective as neuromuscular junction antagonists. They can be categorized into two groups:
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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
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Analyzing Mitochondrial Transport and Morphology in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia
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Autonomic dysfunction in hereditary spastic paraplegia type 4.

C González-Salazar1, K A G Takazaki1, A R M Martinez1

  • 1Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.

European Journal of Neurology
|November 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG4-HSP) patients show sudomotor dysfunction due to peripheral nerve damage. This study investigated autonomic symptoms in SPG4-HSP, finding specific nerve fiber damage.

Keywords:
SPG4Quantitative Sudomotor Axonal Reflex Testautonomic nervous systemhereditary spastic paraplegiasudomotor dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Genetics
  • Autonomic Nervous System Research

Background:

  • Hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG4-HSP) is primarily caused by SPAST mutations, leading to progressive lower limb issues.
  • Non-motor and autonomic nervous system manifestations in SPG4-HSP are understudied.
  • This research addresses the gap in understanding autonomic involvement in SPG4-HSP.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequency and pattern of autonomic complaints in SPG4-HSP patients.
  • To assess the clinical relevance of these autonomic manifestations.
  • To identify potential factors associated with autonomic dysfunction in SPG4-HSP.

Main Methods:

  • A multicenter, cross-sectional study involving 34 SPG4-HSP patients and 44 healthy controls.
  • Neurophysiological testing included heart rate variability, sympathetic skin response, and Quantitative Sudomotor Axonal Reflex Test.
  • The Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease - Autonomic Questionnaire (SCOPA-AUT) was used to quantify autonomic symptoms.

Main Results:

  • Overall SCOPA-AUT scores were similar between SPG4-HSP patients and controls.
  • Patients reported significantly more urinary complaints (P=0.05).
  • Absent sympathetic skin response was more frequent in patients (hands P<0.001, feet P=0.006), and Quantitative Sudomotor Axonal Reflex Test responses were reduced.

Conclusions:

  • SPG4-HSP patients exhibit sudomotor dysfunction, indicating damage to small post-ganglionic cholinergic fibers.
  • The findings suggest that damage in SPG4-HSP extends to the peripheral nervous system.
  • Autonomic involvement, particularly sudomotor dysfunction, is a relevant aspect of SPG4-HSP pathology.